ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE

Fillers. Fillers are not commonly added to CR adhesives. Calcium carbonate or clay can be primarily added to reduce cost in high-solids CR mastics. Maximum bond strength is obtained using fillers with low particle size (lower than 5 [jim) and intermediate oil absorption (30 g/100 g filler). In general, fillers reduce the specific adhesion and cohesion strength of adhesive films. Although polychloroprene is inherently flame retardant, aluminium trihydrate, zinc borate, antimony trioxide or... 

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) decomposes, absorbing energy from the flame and evolving water vapour which blankets and smothers the flame. The resulting water vapour at 230 °C can cause massive hydrolysis of PET. 

Mineral fillers and additives aluminium trihydrate (ATH), magnesium hydroxide and boron derivates are the best known but tin derivates, ammonium salts, molybdenum derivates and magnesium sulphate heptahydrate are used to varying extents and nanofillers are developing. 

G. Beyer, Flame retardancy of nanocomposites based on organoclays and carbon nanotubes with aluminium trihydrate, Polym. Adv. Technol., 2005,17 218-225. 

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MDH) have been shown to create low smoke levels and much reduced toxic gas emission (245,390). The activity of these materials is a function of the vaporisation of their water of hydration. 

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77, No. 14, 29th Sept.2000, p.3119-27 FLAME-RETARDANT AND SMOKE-SUPPRESSANT PROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATE AND ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLED RIGID PVC... 

TeBDEs were not used in Japan after 1990. Inorganic flame retardants (a.o. aluminium trihydrate (ATH)) were mainly used, but there is an increase in the use of brominated organic flame retardants [1]. 

Slag modification can be achieved by the use of aluminium hydroxide and aluminium oxide that may be called "activated alumina". Radway and Hoffman [1987] conclude that aluminium trihydrate (AlfOH) is to be preferred to aluminium oxide because it is "softer" and less abrasive causing less wear on burner tips. Aluminium compounds have been used in conjunction with copper oxychloride to modify slag in coal firing operations. 

Metal hydrates such as aluminium trihydrate or magnesium hydroxide remove heat by using it to evaporate water in their structures, thus protecting polymers. Bromine or chlorine-containing fire retardants interfere with the reactions in flames and quench them. Mixtures of flame retardants antimony trioxide and organic bromine compounds are more effective at slowing the rate of burning than the individual flame retardants alone. 

The US Naval Surface Warfare Centre, Carderock Division [49] used cone calorimetry to evaluate several alternative glass reinforced brominated vinyl ester resins containing various FR including aluminium trihydrate (ATH). Cone calorimetry was carried out at three different fluxes, 25, 50 and 75 kW/m. Smoke production and carbon... 

Representatives of various industries [17] have examined some smoke depressants and flame retardant resins introduced by various US Companies in relation to US legislation. These include smoke suppressed polyvinylchloride (PVC) (BE Goodrich) and polyurethane (PU) foams (Mobay Chemical), and smoke suppressant additives from Climax Molybdenum, and Sherwin-Williams (molybdenum compounds), Solem Industries, and Alcoa Chemicals (aluminium trihydrates, for polypropylene (PP) and PVC), Dover Chemical Corp., (aromatic bromine compound for PP), and US Borax (zinc borate). 

Polyvinyl chloride - Cable insulation Aluminium trihydrate -antimony trioxide [43]... 

Unsaturated polyesters Aluminium trihydrate Cone calorimetry to measure ignition time, heat release, smoke emission and toxicity, even small additions of aluminium trihydrate improved fire performance [42, 43]... 

Polyester Aluminium trihydrate Improvement of the fire reaction of polyesters particularly heat release and smoke generation [45]... 

Epoxy resins have similar fire performance to polyester when viewed against more resistant polymers such as phenolic resin or modified methacrylate resins with aluminium trihydrate. 

An example of the use of a fire retardant additive is antimony trioxide. A paste of this and certain chlorinated organic compounds can be made compatible with all normal resins and be easily dispersed by simple mechanical mixing. When 20% of the basic resin is replaced by such a paste, laminates with low surface spread-of-flame can be produced. Smaller percentages will give less fire resistance. Another paste dispersion, of antimony trioxide, may be used in a resin based on HET acid but can only be mixed with certain ordinary resins. Other fire retardant additives include aluminium trihydrate (ATH). 

The Al P D-HMQC experiment was also used in 2013 in the field of flame-retardant additives used to protect organic polymer-based materials [59]. The synergist effect, obtained when a combination of two flame-retardant additives (aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi = Al(P02Et2)3) and aluminium trihydrate (ATH=Al(OH)3)) was used, was explained by means of reactivity. The D-HMQC spectrum reported in Fig. 4.8A was performed at 9.4 T and 0) = 12.5 kHz using the SFAM2 recoupling technique... 

S. Duquesne, G. Fontaine, O. Cerin-Delaval, B. GardeUe, G. Tricot, S. Bourbigot, Study of the thermal degradation of an aluminium phosphinate-aluminium trihydrate combination, Thermochim. Acta 551 (2013) 175-183. 

ATH aluminium trihydroxide (sometimes called aluminium trihydrate)... 

Thermoplastics represent more than 80% of all plastics manufactured. Of these, the four major commodity plastics PE, PP, PS and PVC represent nearly 75% of all synthetic polymers produced annually, or about 75 million tons worldwide. Filled thermoplastics represent a huge and growing market for all types of manufactured products. It is estimated that each year 20 million tons of fillers are used in plastic materials. Currently, the most important fillers are calcium carbonate, talc, silica, mica, clay, aluminium trihydrate, glass fibres, starch and cellulosic powders. 

FR additives may be inorganics, such as aluminium trihydrate (ATH), antimony oxide, or zinc borate, or organics such as phosphate esters or halogenated compounds of various types. 

Additive FRs are introduced during a subsequent compounding stage. These include chlorinated paraffins, brominated organics, phosphate esters, aluminium trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, borates, and antimony trioxide. 

The lowest-cost additive is aluminium trihydrate, which finds its largest application in polymers processed at low temperatures, such as epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, polyethylene, and PVC. High loadings are required, which can affect the physical properties of the polymer. Chlorinated paraffins offer low cost and application in all polymers that are processed at less than 240°C. Bromine, on a weight for weight basis, is a more effective FR but. on cost/ performance, chlorinated paraffins can be more effective than aromatic bromines. 

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also known as hydrated alumina. It is the most widely used FR additive in volume terms, representing 43% of all flame-retardant chemicals in volume (but only about 29% in value). As well as flame retarding and smoke suppressing, it is an economical filler/extender. In a fire, it undergoes an endothermic dehydration with a twofold action, simultaneously absorbing... 

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) Antimony trioxide Magnesium hydroxide Phosphate ester plasticisers... 

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