Nanocomposites scanning electron

Polymer matrices are also commonly reinforced with mineral fillers or fibers, such as calcium carbonate, talc, wollastonite, clay, and mica [506], and more recently fine additives are used to manufacture nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy images of fracture surfaces... 

This is a nonpolar rubber with very little unsamration. Nanoclays as well as nanotubes have been used to prepare nanocomposites of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The work mostly covers the preparation and characterization of these nanocomposites. Different processing conditions, morphology, and mechanical properties have been smdied [61-64]. Acharya et al. [61] have prepared and characterized the EPDM-based organo-nanoclay composites by X-ray diffracto-gram (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy... 

FIGURE 3.4 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of acrylic copolymer-silica hybrid nanocomposites synthesized from (a) 10 wt% and (b) 50 wt% tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) concentrations. The first number in the legend indicates the wt% of ethyl acrylate (EA) (85) in the ethyl acrylate-butyl acrylate (EA-BA) copolymer, N stands for nanocomposite, and the last number (10, 50) is indicative of the tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) concentration. (From Patel, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Vijayabaskar, V., and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Mater. Sci., 41, 926, 2006. Courtesy of Springer.)... 

Fig. 1.6 (A and B) Scanning electron micro- implantation in the bone marrow showing for-graphs of the porous hydroxyapatite-collagen mation of new bone (white asterisk) attached nanocomposite scaffolds at different magnifi- directly to the nanocomposite (asterisk). Arrows cations. Arrowheads in B indicate the hydroxy- indicate cuboidal osteoblasts on the surface of apatite nanocrystals on the collagen fibrils. new bone. Adapted from [94], reproduced by Histology at (C) 1 week and (D) 4 weeks after permission of Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 1.7 Scanning electron micrographs showing fractal pattern formation by hierarchical growth of fluorapatite-gelatin nanocomposites (A) half of a dumbbell aggregate viewed along the central seed axis, (B) dumbbell aggregate at an intermediate growth state, and (C) central seed exhibiting tendencies of splitting at both ends ( small dumbbell). Adapted from [119], reproduced by permission ofWiley-VCH.

Figure 15.6A Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of fractured surfaces of (a) TPS-natural MMT nanocomposite containing 9.8 wt% clay, and (b) TPS-NH4MMT nanocomposite containing 10.7 wt% clay, (c) is the enlarged image for (b) showing spontaneously formed regular foam structures with 84% porosity in TPS-ammonium-treated clay.

The dispersion morphology of prepared materials was studied with a multitechnique approach, by means of rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results of these tests showed that the so formulated PA6 nanocomposites used in the present study are fully exfoliated [1,2],... 

The nanotubes were first oxidized in nitric acid before dispersion as the acidic groups on the sidewalls of the nanotubes can interact with the carbonate groups in the polycarbonate chains. To achieve nanocomposites, the oxidized nanotubes were dispersed in THF and were added to a separate solution of polycarbonate in THF. The suspension was then precipitated in methanol and the precipitated nanocomposite material was recovered by filtration. From the scanning electron microscopy investigation of the fracture surface of nanotubes, the authors observed a uniform distribution of the nanotubes in the polycarbonate matrix as shown in Figure 2.3 (19). 

Figure 2.3. Scanning electron microscopy image of the fracture surface of the polycarbonate nanocomposite. Reproduced from reference 19 with permission from American Chemical Society.

Two specific imaging modes developed in combining ESEM (environmental scanning electron microscopy) and STEM and developed in the MATEIS laboratory can be useful for the characterization of CNT and CNT polymer nanocomposites. 

The novel SERS-active substrates were prepared by electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles in the MWCNTs-based nanocomposites. The formation of Ag-MWCNTs nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The application of the Ag-MWCNTs nanocomposite in SERS was investigated by using rhodamine 6G (R6G). The present methodology demonstrates that the Ag-MWCNTs nanocomposite is suitable for SERS sensor. 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) involves scanning an electron beam (5-lOnm) across a surface and then detecting the scattered electrons. Literature abounds, with work focussing on the use of SEM in the fracture and failure of epoxy resins and other thermoset polymers. Also work on multiphase thermosets (thermoset-thermoplastic blends, thermoset nanocomposites, interpenetrating network (IPN) polymers) is abundant. 

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), glancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro Raman scattering, Fourier transform inftaied (FTIR) spectrometry, Rutherford back scattering (RBS) studies and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) have been carried out to obtain micro-structural and compositional properties of the diamond/p-SiC nanocomposite films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and indentation studies have been carried out to obtain film properties on the tribological and mechanical front. 

Magnetron deposited Al-Nb nanocomposite films were selectively etched for fabrication of nanoporous niobium. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy investigations have shown that the fabricated nanostructures include interconnected nanowires of 20-50 nm in diameter and 100-150 nm plates. Annealing at 450 °C in air transformed porous niobium into the porous niobia, which can be as thick as 3 pm. 

In Reference 107, the effect of grafting of a polar group (MAH) onto LDPE chains and the chemical modification of clay particles with 2,6-diaminocaproic acid (L-lysine monohydrochloride) to produce nanocomposites with a matrix composed of a ternary blend of PEs (LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE) was studied in detail. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the exfoliation degree of the clay. Morphological features were revealed by scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis disclosed the thermal stability of the samples. Comparative analyses of the mechanical (under tension) and rheological properties of the nanocomposites were carried out as well. 

Figure 9.6. Scanning electron micrograph (detection of backscattered electrons) of a poly(ethylene)-gold nanocomposite. The bright lines represent arrays of gold nanoparticles that are not resolved individually.

In this part, the composition of T-CN nanocomposites was determined by FT-IR. Morphology of the nanocomposites was characterized by using SEM and transmission scanning electron microscope [TEM, JEOL JEM-2000EX). The conductivities of the nanocomposite films were measured by the four-probe technique (GZFTL RST-8) at room temperature using a semiconductor device analyzer. 

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