Multitechnique approach

It is of interest to examine the development of the analytical toolbox for rubber deformulation over the last two decades and the role of emerging technologies (Table 2.9). Bayer technology (1981) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of rubbers and elastomers consisted of a multitechnique approach comprising extraction (Soxhlet, DIN 53 553), wet chemistry (colour reactions, photometry), electrochemistry (polarography, conductometry), various forms of chromatography (PC, GC, off-line PyGC, TLC), spectroscopy (UV, IR, off-line PylR), and microscopy (OM, SEM, TEM, fluorescence) [10]. Reported applications concerned the identification of plasticisers, fatty acids, stabilisers, antioxidants, vulcanisation accelerators, free/total/bound sulfur, minerals and CB. Monsanto (1983) used direct-probe MS for in situ quantitative analysis of additives and rubber and made use of 31P NMR [69]. 

Spoto, G., Ciliberto, E., Allen, G. C., et al. (2000). Chemical and structural properties of ancient metallic artefacts multitechnique approach to study of early bronzes. British Corrosion Journal 35 43 17. 

The dispersion morphology of prepared materials was studied with a multitechnique approach, by means of rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results of these tests showed that the so formulated PA6 nanocomposites used in the present study are fully exfoliated [1,2],... 

In the final (and earliest) example to be presented in this section, Day et al. [29] utilized SNIF-NMR (individual D H ratios on the methyl and ethyl sites of the ethanol molecule), IRMS (O and D H ratio in the wine water C ratio in the wine distillate) ET-AAS (10 elements) and ICP-AES (Ba only). The concluding section of their paper sums up most of what has been written in this chapter and is strongly recommended for further reading, particularly as it represents possibly one of the earliest publications to describe the use of a multitechnique approach. 

Simon, C., Barathieu, K., Laguerre, M., Schmitter, J. M., Fouquet, E., Pianet, I., Dufourc, E. J. (2003). Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of wine tannin-saliva protein complexes. A multitechnique approach. Biochemistry, 42, 10385-10395. 

The characterization of acid sites is perhaps better approached using a multitechnique approach, that is using a variety of techniques, each better suited for characterizing a particular acidic site. Clearly, comparisons between various techniques are necessary in order to arrive at a complete description of a zeolitic acid site. 

Brooks, S. P. J. Storey, K. B. (1988b). Reevaluation of the glycolytic complex in muscle a multitechnique approach using trout white muscle. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 267,13-22. 

In summary it should be apparent that many techniques exist for measuring molecular orientation in polymeric solids. These techniques, however, differ in many ways and in degree of sophistication as well. It should also be clear that the orientation measured by one technique may in fact not be what actually is desired e.g., separate orientation of the components in a multicomponent system may be desired yet certain techniques only allow an overall average orientation to be measured. This problem can be overcome as discussed by use of a combination of the techniques described. In fact, a multitechnique approach to an orientation problem is generally preferred in order to avoid inaccuracies of interpretation. Such an approach is indeed costly for the unequipped laboratory and hence selection must be made based on the information available on the polymer under investigation. 

To complete this chapter, we would like to mention that recent monographs have reviewed the use of in-situ spectroscopies for monitoring heterogeneously catalysed reaction under supercritical conditions, although very few studies in this field have been devoted to the study of the fluid-solid interface. The use of a multitechnique approach in order to maximise information under real, in-situ conditions has also been reviewed recently. - The combined use of powerful spectroscopies with simultaneous on-line analysis of the catalytic activity of the sample will become more widespread in application allowing an interpretation of catalytic behaviour in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the solid. The next frontier in spectroscopic characterisation of metal catalysts will consist of time-dependent analysis of the gas/liquid-solid interface, particularly with a view to analyse short-lived intermediates during catalysed reactions and with the aim to determine the response of the catalyst surface and relate these responses to the physico-chemical properties of the solid. 

Elucidating the Mechanism of Cu(ll]-Catalyzed Arylation of Imidazole and Phenylboronic Acid by a Multitechnique Approach... 

Although the use of multitechnique approaches requires specialist operator knowledge, in particular, concerning the interpretation of the resulting spectroscopic data, the apphcations, and type of information produced should motivate catalyst scientists to apply combined spectroscopic techniques to provide comprehensive insight into catalytic reactions and the catalyst mode of action. 

Esfandiary, R., Hayes, D.B., Parupudi, A., et al. (2013) A systematic multitechnique approach for detection and characterization of reversible self-association during formulation development of therapeutic antibodies. 7 Pharm Sci, 102 (9), 3089-3099. 

Soil Croft, as dted by Phillips et al. [23], and Croft and Pye [97] discuss research on the analysis of soil samples by EA-IRMS. The studies demonstrate that carbon and nitrogen isotope data can be useful when trying to differentiate different soil types and samples from different origins. Pye et al. [98] also measured the bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope values of different soil samples. Two different sites of interest could be discriminated based on the stable isotope data however, the need for a multitechnique approach was emphasized. 

A multitechnique approach was used to characterize the structures of protein-surfactant films. Important... 

Alfred T. D Agostino, "A Multitechnique Approach for Materials Qiaracterization. Using X-Ray Diffractometry, Visible Spectroscopy, and Atomic Absorption Analysis to Determine Thin Metal Film Thickness," y. Chem. Educ., Vol. 71,1994, 892-896. 

Since there are many parameters which affect the curing process a multitechnique approach is often necessary. In this section, we will report a selected number of studies on photopolymerization processes in which the polymer properties have been correlated with the curing conditions in several ways. 

These results demonstrate the synergism that is possible in a detailed, multitechnique approach to a problem where no one technique (XPS, AES, or SEM) would have given a complete understanding. They also illustrate the usefulness of specialized data analysis, such as that provided by SBDs. 

Bruckner, A. Looking on heterogeneous catalytic systems from different perspectives multitechnique approach as a new challenge for in situ studies. Catal. Rev. 2003, 45, 97-150 and references therein. 

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