NADPH dinucleotide phosphate

Indicators There are certain compounds that are suitable as indicators for sensitive and specific clinical analysis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) occurs in oxidized (NAD" ) and reduced (NADH) forms. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) also has two states, NADP" and NADPH. NADH has a very high uv—vis absorption at 339 nm, extinction coefficient = 6300 (M cm) , but NAD" does not. Similarly, NADPH absorbs light very strongly whereas NADP" does not. 

NADP = nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH = reduced nicotinamide—adenine dinucleotide phosphate NDP = nucleoside... 

NAD" — see Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP" — see Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH... 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt (reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide phosphate sodium salt, NADPH) [2646-71-1] M 833.4, pK as for NADP. Mostly similar to NADH above. 

Nicotinamide is an essential part of two important coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP ) (Figure 18.19). The reduced forms of these coenzymes are NADH and NADPH. The nieotinamide eoenzymes (also known as pyridine nucleotides) are electron carriers. They play vital roles in a variety of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions. (NAD is an electron acceptor in oxidative (catabolic) pathways and NADPH is an electron donor in reductive (biosynthetic) pathways.) These reactions involve direct transfer of hydride anion either to NAD(P) or from NAD(P)H. The enzymes that facilitate such... 

In living organisms, aldehyde and ketone reductions are carried out by either of the coenzymes NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Although... 

The first step in the biological degradation of lysine is reductive animation with a-ketoglutarate to give saccharopine. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), a relative of NADH, is the reducing agent. Show the mechanism. 

All NOS isoforms utilize L-arginine as the substrate, and molecular oxygen and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as cosubstrates. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FMN), flavin mononucleotide (FAD), and (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4) are cofactors of the enzyme. All NOS isoforms contain heme and bind calmodulin. In nNOS and eNOS,... 

Ethanol is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase (in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD]) or the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) (in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH]). Acetaldehyde, the first product in ethanol oxidation, is metabolized to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD. Acetic acid is broken down through the citric acid cycle to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Impairment of the metabolism of acetaldehyde to acetic acid is the major mechanism of action of disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. 

NADPH—p-Nicotinamide adenine-dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form. 

Abbreviations NADPH, b-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced from 5 -phosphosulfate UDPGA, uridine diphosphate-glucuronic acid. 

NADPH Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAF Neutrophil activating factor l-NAME L-Nitroarginine methyl ester... 

The most important product of the hexose monophosphate pathway is reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Another important function of this pathway is to provide ribose for nucleic acid synthesis. In the red blood cell, NADPH is a major reducing agent and serves as a cofactor in the reduction of oxidized glutathione, thereby protecting the cell against oxidative attack. In the syndromes associated with dysfunction of the hexose monophosphate pathway and glutathione metabolism and synthesis, oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin is the major contributor to the hemolytic process. 

In the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian, the SVWN exchange-correlation functional was used. Equation 4.12 was applied to calculate the electron density of folate, dihydrofolate, and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) bound to the enzyme— dihydrofolate reductase. For each investigated molecule, the electron density was compared with that of the isolated molecule (i.e., with VcKt = 0). A very strong polarizing effect of the enzyme electric field was seen. The largest deformations of the bound molecule s electron density were localized. The calculations for folate and dihydrofolate helped to rationalize the role of some ionizable groups in the catalytic activity of this enzyme. The results are,... 

It is helpful to think of the photosynthesis reaction as the sum of an oxidation half reaction and a reduction half reaction as shown in Figure 1. In fact, nature does separate these half reactions, in that the reduction of C02 to carbohydrates occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, the organelle in the leaf where the photosynthesis reaction occurs, - whereas, the light-driven oxidation half reaction takes place on the thylakoid membranes which make up the grana stacks within the chloroplast. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) carries the reducing power and most of the energy to the stroma to drive the fixation of C02 with the help of some additional energy provided... 

DHFR catalyses the hydride-ion transfer between the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cofactor and a substrate molecule (S) according to... 

LIF leukemia inhibitory factor NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,... 

Hexachloroethane is metabolized by the mixed function oxidase system by way of a two-step reduction reaction involving cytochrome P-450 and either reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or cytochrome b5 as an electron donor. The first step of the reduction reaction results in the formation of the pentachloroethyl free radical. In the second step, tetrachloroethene is formed as the primary metabolite. Two chloride ions are released. Pentachloroethane is a minor metabolic product that is generated from the pentachloroethyl free radical. 

Endogenous NO is produced almost exclusively by L-arginine catabolism to L-citrul-line in a reaction catalyzed by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) [3]. In the first step, Arg is hydroxylated to an enzyme-bound intermediate "-hydroxy-1.-arginine (NHA), and 1 mol of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form) and O2 are consumed. In the second step, N H A is oxidized to citrulline and NO, with consumption of 0.5 mol of NADPH and 1 mol of 02 (Scheme 1.1). Oxygen activation in both steps is carried out by the enzyme-bound heme, which derives electrons from NADPH. Mammalian NOS consists of an N-terminal oxy-... 

Two important implications of the reactions described in Equations (5.1) and (5.2) are (i) that redox reactions play an important role in metabolic transformations, with the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acting as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as electron donor in anabolism, and (ii) that energy must be produced by catabolism and used in biosyntheses (almost always in the form of adenosine triphosphate, ATP). 

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