Glutathione metabolism

Hu, M.-L., Dillard, C.J. and Tappel, A.L. (1988) Aurofhioglucose effect on sulfhydryls and glutathione-metabolizing enzymes in vivo inhibition of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 59,... 

Hoffman DJ, Heinz GH. 1998. Effects of mercury and selenium on glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress in mallard ducks. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 161-166. 

Yasutake A, Hirayama K. 1994. Acute effects of methyhnercury on hepatic and renal glutathione metabolisms in mice. Arch Toxicol 68 512-516. 

Defects in the Hexose Monophosphate Pathway and Glutathione Metabolism... 

The most important product of the hexose monophosphate pathway is reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Another important function of this pathway is to provide ribose for nucleic acid synthesis. In the red blood cell, NADPH is a major reducing agent and serves as a cofactor in the reduction of oxidized glutathione, thereby protecting the cell against oxidative attack. In the syndromes associated with dysfunction of the hexose monophosphate pathway and glutathione metabolism and synthesis, oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin is the major contributor to the hemolytic process. 

Deficiencies of enzymes involved in glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate pathway, the closely related glutathione metabolism and synthesis, and nucleotide metabolism have emerged as causes of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemias (Table 1) (F10, Fll, M27). Some enzyme deficiencies, such as diphospho-glycerate mutase deficiency, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, and NADH cy-... 

Hoffman, D.J., H.M. Ohlendorf, C.M. Mam, and G.W. Pendleton. 1998. Association of mercury and selenium with altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress in diving ducks from the San Francisco Bay region, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 167-172. 

Hoffman, D.J., G.H. Heinz, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1989. Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 27 263-271. 

Vina, J. (1990). Glutathione Metabolism and Physiological Functions. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton... 

Inorganic mercuric salts inhibit glutathione-metabolizing enzymes and gluta-... 

D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism D-Alanine metabolism Glutathione metabolism Alkaloid biosynthesis I Alkaloid biosynthesis II Metabolism of Complex Carbohydrates Starch and sucrose metabolism Biosynthesis and degradation of glycoprotein... 

Covalent protein adducts of quinones are formed through Mchael-type addihon reachon with protein sulfhydryl groups or glutathione. Metabolic activahon of several toxins (e.g., naphthalene, pentachlorophenol, and benzene) into quinones has been shown to result in protein quinone adducts (Lin et al, 1997 Rappaport et al, 1996 Zheng et al., 1997). Conversion of substituted hydroquinones such as p-aminophenol-hydroquinone and 2-bromo-hydroquinone to their respective glutathione S-conjugates must occur to allow bioactivation into nephrotoxic metabolites (Dekant, 1993). Western blot analysis of proteins from the kidneys of rats treated with 2-bromo-hydroquinone has revealed three distinct protein adducts conjugated to quinone-thioethers (Kleiner et al, 1998). 

Mann AM, Darby FJ. 1985. Effects of 1,2-dibromoethane on glutathione metabolism in rat liver and kidney. Biochem Pharmacol 34 2827-2830. 

Imazu, K., Fujishiro, K. Inoue, N. (1992) Effects of dimethylformamide on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system and glutathione metabolism in rats. Toxicology, ll. 41-50... 

Meister, A. (1988) Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification. J. biol. Chem., 263, 17205-17208... 

FIGURE 22-27 Glutathione metabolism, (a) Biosynthesis of glutathione. (b) Reduced form of glutathione. 

Fahey RC, Buschbacher RM, Newton GL (1987) The evolution of glutathione metabolism in photo-trophic microorganisms. J Mol Evol 25 81-88... 

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