N- acrylamide

Anionic polymerization of lactams offers the best approach to the preparation of polyamide containing block copolymers. Styrene-nylon 6 block copolymers were prepared by adding e-caprolactam to polystyrene macroanions terminated with bisphenol A bis(chlorofor-mate)(31). Yamashita prepared ABA block copolymers of styrene-a-pyrrolidone and styrene- -caprolactam by sequential addition to styrene macroanions( ). Similarly Stehlik and Sebenda prepared N-acrylamide containing block copolymers(33). Block copolymers of isoprene-pivalolactam have also been reported( . In these cases the lactam was added to "living" polyisoprene anions. 

The amide group is readily hydrolyzed to acrylic acid, and this reaction is kinetically faster in base than in acid solutions (5,32,33). However, hydrolysis of N-alkyl derivatives proceeds at slower rates. The presence of an electron-with-drawing group on nitrogen not only facilitates hydrolysis but also affects the polymerization behavior of these derivatives (34,35). With concentrated sulfuric acid, acrylamide forms acrylamide sulfate salt, the intermediate of the former sulfuric acid process for producing acrylamide commercially. Further reaction of the salt with alcohols produces acrylate esters (5). In strongly alkaline anhydrous solutions a potassium salt can be formed by reaction with potassium / /-butoxide in tert-huty alcohol at room temperature (36). 

Chemistry of Acrylamide, bulletin PRC 109, Process Chemicals Department, Ameiican Cyanamid Co., Wayne, N.J., 1969. 

Polyacrylamides are manufactured by free-radical polymerization of acrylamide to form chains of the stmcture shown, where n can range from several up to 400,000. 

A/-moipholinylmedi-acrylamide A/-etiioxymetiiylmetli-acrylamide A/-butoxymetliylmetli-acrylamide AJ-hydroxymethylmetli-acrylamide N- (2-liydroxyetliyl)-metliacr5i amide l-methacryloylamido-2-metliyl-2-propan ol... 

N- acetylmethacryl- amide /V-m eth a cry oylm al e- am ic acid methacryloylamido-acetonitrile N- (2-cyanoethyl)meth-acrylamide l-methacrjioylurea... 

N,N- dimethylmeth-acrylamide N,N- diethylmethacryl- amide N- (2-cyanoethyl)-A/-methylmethacrylami de... 

AJ-methyl-AJ-phenyl-methacrji amide -methylenebis-methacrjiamide -ethylenebismeth-acrylamide A/-(diethylphosphono)-methacr5iamide N- tert-hutyl-N- (diethyl-pho sphono)meth -acrylamide ... 

Weaker polar monomers like, vinylacetate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, fV-vinyl caprolactam or MiV-dimethyl acrylamide may be used at levels as high as 30-40% of the total monomers. Combinations of polar monomers [65-67] can also be used to formulate acrylic PSAs with a good balance of properties. 

An aqueous ethanol solution of acrylamide, 2,2 -methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linked agent and third acrylamide derivative, is dispersed in an n-alkane. Then three monomers are polymerized to spherical porous gels. The effect of the composition of the third monomer on the exclusion limits of the gel in size-exclusion chromatography has been investigated (82). 

Bio-Gel P materials of Bio-Rad are polyacrylamide beads (45-90 fim in diameter) prepared from copolymerization of acrylamide and N,N -methylenebis-... 

Cyclization of A -aryl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-(2-pyridylamino)acrylamides 307 in AcOH, and in PPA, or in ethylene glycol afforded A-aryl-4-oxo-4//-pyrido[l,2-n]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic amide 308 (94KGS629, 95KFZ(5)39). 

The suspension polymerization of 65% acrylamide aqueous solution dispersed in n-hexane (aqueous phase -hexane = 1 5) in the presence of a stabilizer (sorbitan monostearate, 1.4% with respect to -hexane) and an initiator (2,2 -azo-bis-A/, A/ -dimethyleneisobutylamide chloride) carried out at 65°C for 3 h, with subsequent holding at 110°C, yields a powdered product with the granule size of 0.5 mm, while the addition of Na2S04... 

The reported values for the exponent of the monomer concentration for the rate of polymerization were found to be 1.26[61], 1.3[16] for gamma radiation-induced copolymerization of acrylamide with N,N-di-ethyldiallylammonium chloride and methyl chloride salt of /V,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM-MC). Ishigue and Hamielec [34] have shown that the... 

MMA, styrene, 2-hydroxy ethyl methyacrylate, 2-hy-droxypropyl methacrylate, acrylic and methacrylic acids, acrylamide and N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) [64]. By this process, polyurethane is partially converted to N-chloro or N-bromo derivatives by a short immersion... 

Qiu et al. [241 have reported the synthesis of macromolecules having 4-tolylureido pendant groups, such as poly(N-acryloyl-N -4-tolylurea-cvi ethyl acrylate) [po-ly(ATU-co-EA)] 18, and poly(N-methacryloyl-A/ -4-tol-ylurea-co-EA) [poly(MTU-co-EA)] 19, from the copolymerization of ATU and MTU with EA, respectively. Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto the surface of these two copolymer films took place using the Ce(lV) ion as initiator. The graft copolymerization is proposed as Scheme (12). 

Recently, Si et al. [59,60] have investigated the synthesis of polymerizable amines, such as N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl) acrylamide(DMAPAA) and N-(3-dimeth-ylaminopropyl) methacrylamide (DMAPMA), and their copolymerization reaction. DMAPAA or DMAPMA in conjunction with ammonium persulfate was used as a redox initiator for vinyl polymerization. Copolymers having amino pendant groups, such as copolymer of... 

Chemically attached copolymers of iV-vinylpyrrolidone (N-VP) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide (N-HEAA) steeply decrease the inherent glass adsorp-tivity which is observed for proteins in aqueous buffer solutions. Thus, it became possible to apply the prepared materials to the size exclusion chromatography of viruses and ribosomes. 

Indeed, the polymeric interface seems to be highly diffuse and hydrophilic because copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N- (2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide are readily soluble in water [53]. Besides, aminopropyl-glass adsorbs the acryloyl chloride copolymer so that only 10% of its active functions become amidated. The rest is located on the loops and tails of the attached macromolecules [51]. Thus the steric repulsion of the bonded phase is a probable reason for the high inertness of the packing towards viruses. 

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