Mussel Reference Material

The candidate mussel CRM was collected by the ENEA, Casaccia Research Centre (Rome, Italy). The sample freeze-drying was carried out at the Biostarters Company (Parma, Italy) and the homogenization and bottling were performed jointly by Ecoconsult (Gavirate, Italy) and the EC Joint Research Centre of Ispra (Italy). 

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Morabito, R., Soldati, R, Calle, M.B. de la and Quevauviller, Ph. (1998) An attempt to certify phenyltin compounds in a mussel reference material. Appl. Organometal. Chem., 12, 621. 

This technique was developed in the frame of a RTD project funded by the SM T programme to serve as a reference method in the certification campaigns of butyltins in sediment and mussel reference materials [77,100]. 

In the meantime, SS-ZAAS has gained in popularity in numerous apphcations, and has become of increasing importance for analyte homogeneity determination in the production and use of reference materials. Examples are Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Fe in codfish candidate RM, Hg in copper metal, Zn in mussel tissue, Cd, Pb, Hg,... 

Morabito R, Muntau H, Cofino W, Quevauviller Ph 1999) A new mussel certified reference material (CRM 477) for the quality control of butyltin determination in the marine environment. J Environ Monit 1 75-82. 

Donais MK, Saraswati R, Mackey E, Vangel MG, Levenson MS, Mandic V, Azemard S, Hor-VAT M, Burow M, Emons H, Ostapczuk P, and Wise SA (1997) Certification of three mussel tissue Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for MeHg and total mercury content. Fresenius J Anal Chem 358 424-430. 

Horvat M, Liang L, Azemaed S, Mandic V, Coquery M, and Viixeneuve J.-P (1997) Certification of total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in mussel homogenate (Mytilus edidis) reference material, IAEA-142. Fresenius J Anal Chem 358 411-418. 

Schantz MM, Demiralp R, Greenberg RR, Hays MJ, Parris, RM, Porter BJ, Poster DL, Sander LC, Schiller SB, Sharpless KS, and Wise SA (1997a) Certification of a frozen mussel tissue standard reference material (SRM 1974a) for trace organic constituents. Fresenius J Anal Chem 358 431-440. 

Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Christensen RG, Roster BJ, Kurz J, Schantz MM, and Zeisler R (1991) Preparation and analysis of a frozen mussel tissue reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Environ Sci Tech 25 1695-1704. 

Recently a mussel certified reference material has been produced for the quality control of the determination of MBT, DBT and TBT (Morabito et al., 1999). The use of this material will certainly help to improve the data quality produced in the chemical speciation of butyltins. 

Chambers L, Gardinali P, Chambers H, Wade TL, Jackson T, Brooks JM (1996), NIST SRM 1945, whale blubber, NIST SRM 1974a, organics in mussel tissue, and NIST SRM 1941a, organics in marine sediment as certified reference materials for polychlorinated dioxins and furans in marine ecosystems"... 

A number of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) with certified PCB congener concentrations are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) these include SRM 1588, PCBs in Cod Liver Oil SRM 1939, PCBs in River Sediment SRM 1941, PCBs in Marine Sediment and SRM 1974, PCBs in Mussel Tissue (Schantz et al. 1993a, 1993b). These SRMs are usefial in validating the accuracy of methods for the determination of PCBs, and for verifying that the method remains within acceptable levels of error in during analysis. A summary of available SRMs with certified PCB concentrations is shown in Table 7-4. SRMs with non-certified concentration data for PCBs are included in the table as well. 

Mussels (fortified samples and standard reference material)... 

Specific chapters then focus on different projects on speciation analysis. Chapter 4 deals with interlaboratory studies on methylmercury in fish and sediment Chapter 5 describes the collaborative projects to certify organotins in sediment RMs and mussel tissues Chapter 6 gives an overview of the certification project on trimethyllead in simulated rainwater and urban dust Chapter 7 describes the certification project on arsenic species in fish tissues Chapter 8 focuses on the intercomparison and tentative certification of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in simulated freshwater Chapter 9 deals with a feasibility study to stabilize Cr species in solution followed by the certification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in lyophilized solutions and welding dust Chapter 10 gives a review of methods used for A1 speciation Chapter 11 develops the overall collaborative project to standardize single and sequential extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis, followed by interlaboratory studies and certification of soil and sediment reference materials. 

Reeves, K., Thomas, K., and Quilliam, M.A., A mussel certified reference material for paralytic sheU-fish toxins. In Molluscan Shellfish Safety. HenshUwood, K., Deegan, B., et al. (Eds.), The Marine Institute, Ireland, 2006, p. 116. 

Included here are novel arsenic compounds reported in environmental samples over the last five years. Dimethylarsinoylacetate was identified as a naturally occurring arsenical in marine reference materials of mussel, oyster, and lobster hepatopancreas (36). This compound had been proposed as a possible intermediate in the formation of arsenobetaine (31). More recently, however, arsenobetaine was found to degrade to dimethylarsinoylacetate under aerobic microbial conditions (37), and such a biotransformation suggests an alternative hypothesis for the presence of dimethylarsinoylacetate in marine samples. 

The accuracy of our method (Lebiedzinska et al. 2007) was estimated by analysing a certified reference material (CRM 487 pig s liver), and the recoveries ranged from 96.5-100.5%. The method offers excellent linearity, good repeatability and reproducibility, and a relatively short analysis time (17 min). The limits of quantification (LOQ) for PM, PL, PN and vitamin B12 in seafood (in a 2g sample) were 2.1, 2.01, 0.99 and 0.11ngml , respectively. The proposed high sensitivity and selectivity of the HPLC-ED method upgraded by a coulometric detector with isocratic elution enabled accurate determination of vitamins Bg and B12 in fish, mussels, oysters and other seafood products. 

Wise SA, Schantz MM, Hays MJ, Koster BJ, Sharpless KE, Sander LC, et al. Certification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissue and air particulate standard reference materials (SRMs). Polycycl Aromat Comp 1996, 9(1—4) 209—16. 

Poster DL, Kucklick JR, Lopez de Alda MJ, Porter BJ, Pugh RS, Schantz MM, et al. Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004 378 1213—31. 

For quality assurance the standard reference material Lake Michigan Fish Tissue, SRM 1947, mussel tissue, SRM 1974b, fresh fish from the retail market, and fish feed were used. The fish feed used was composed of fish meal (48.8%), fish oil (5.7%), wheat (17.4%), wheat by-products (8.8%), soya (13.4%) and other components (5.9%). Typical chromatograms of the target contaminants in retail market samples are shown in Figures 4.108-4.110. 

In the aqueous reference solution and in the solutions obtained by digestion of the Mussels Tissue BCR-CRM 278 and Cod Muscle BCR-CRM 422 standard reference materials, the limits of detection (LOD) (Table 17) for both techniques were calculated as described in section 4.3.2.1. 

The method set up in aqueous reference solutions was applied to standard reference materials Mussels Tissue BCR-CRM 278 and Cod Muscle BCR-CRM 422 (from Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Belgium), in order to confirm and verify the analytical procedure applicability, determining its accuracy and precision (Table 18). 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Domoic acid by ELISA (Kleivdal et al., 2006). ° Sixteen participating labs, 10 reporting acceptable data. Eleven materials comprising scallop, mussel, and oyster tissues fortified at two or three levels plus a blank. The fortified materials were supplied as split-level duplicates. A certihed reference standard for DA (NRC, Halifax) was provided as part of the... 

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is useful to measure extremely low-abundance nuclides (isotope ratio of 10 to 10 relative to its stable isotope), such as Be, C, A1, C1, " Ca, and I, in natural samples. Small amounts of C and T can be measured by AMS on mg size samples of carbon and iodine extracted from 500-ml seawater samples (Povinec et al. 2000). Neutron activation analysis (NAA), radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are useful for the determination of ultra-trace Th and U in geological and cosmochemical samples, and for determination of the concentration of Pu and Pu. Reference marine-biological samples are necessary to test the performance of the analytical methods employed in surveying and monitoring radioactive materials in the sea. An ocean shellfish composite material containing 0.1% w/w Irish Sea mussel, 12% w/w White Sea mussel, and 87.9% w/w Japan Sea oyster has been prepared as the NIST SRM 4358 (The National Institute of Standards and Technology, SRM) in the natural-matrix, environmental-level radioactive SRM series (Altzitzoglou 2000). This NIST SRM 4358 sample will be useful for the determination of the activity of K, Cs, Pb, Ra, Th, and Am. 

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