Muscle factors influencing

Fast-twitch muscle fibers develop tension two to three times faster than slow-twitch muscle fibers because of more rapid splitting of ATP by myosin ATPase. This enables the myosin crossbridges to cycle more rapidly Another factor influencing the speed of contraction involves the rate of removal of calcium from the cytoplasm. Muscle fibers remove Ca++ ions by pumping them back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Fast-twitch muscle fibers remove Ca++ ions more rapidly than slow-twitch muscle fibers, resulting in quicker twitches that are useful in fast precise movements. The contractions generated in slow-twitch muscle fibers may last up to 10 times longer than those of fast-twitch muscle fibers therefore, these twitches are useful in sustained, more powerful movements. 

Factors influencing contractile activity of smooth muscle... 

Many factors influence the contractile activity of smooth muscle. The strength of contraction of multiunit smooth muscle may be enhanced by stimulation of a greater number of cells, or contractile units. This mechanism is directly comparable to motor-unit recruitment employed by skeletal muscle. As the number of contracting muscle cells increases, so does the strength of contraction. However, this mechanism is of no value in single-unit smooth muscle. Due to the presence of gap junctions, all of the muscle cells in the tissue are activated at once. 

Davis HE, Whalen RG, Demeneix BA. Direct gene transfer in skeletal muscle in vivo factors influencing efficiency of transfer and stability of expression. Hum Gene Ther 1993 4 151-156. 

Examples of amines that frequently occur in fish muscle include cadaverine from lysine, putrescine from ornithine and histamine from histidine. Histamine, because of its involvement in Scombroid food poisoning (histamine intoxication), has been extensively studied with respect to factors influencing its formation in many different fish species. Tuna and other fish from the families Scomberesocidae and Scombridae and a non-scombroid fish, mahi-mahi (dolphin fish) have been most... 

Because amine formation in fish muscle and other foods usually results from bacterial growth with concomitant production of a bacterial decarboxylase, this paper will concentrate on the mechanisms of bacterial decarboxylation and factors influencing the production and activity of the enzymes. Also, because of the overall scope of the subject, the availability of excellent reviews on bacterial decarboxylation (2, 3) and the public health importance of histamine in fish and fishery products, this paper will primarily be limited to a discussion of histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) and the formation of histamine in fish muscle. 

Nondystrophic Factors Influencing Muscle EfBux and Serum Enzyme... 

Nondystbophic Factors Influencing Muscle Efflux AND Serum Enzyme Activity... 

Epidemiologic analysis of factors influencing exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbreds. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60 1562-1566 Miller R D 1995 Skeletal muscle relaxants. In Katzung B G (ed) Basic and clinical pharmacology. Appleton Lange, Norwalk, NJ, pp. 404-418... 

After i.v. administration, the primary factors influencing the termination of effect of the benzodiazepines are redistribution away from the CNS and uptake into other tissues, such as skeletal muscle. After an i.v. dose of diazepam or midazolam, redistribution results in diminished effects within 10-15 min. The competitive antagonist flumazenil also has a short duration of effect and, if used to reverse an overdose of a benzodiazepine, may need to be administered repeatedly or by infusion to prevent sedation recurring. 

Medication affects the heart, liver, kidney, and brain first because these organs have good blood supply. Medication affects muscles and fat last. Four factors influence the effective distribution of medication. These are ... 

It appears from Figs. 9.5 and 9.6 that there is a huge variation in colour stability between meat from different sources. A range of intrinsic factors influence the oxidative balance in raw meat and thereby the colour stability of the meat (Bertelsen et al., 2000). Thus the oxidative stability of muscles is dependent on the composition, concentrations, and reactivity of (i) oxidation substrates (lipids, protein and pigments), (ii) oxidation catalysts (prooxidants such as transition metals and various enzymes) and (iii) antioxidants, e.g., vitamin E and various enzymes. For review see Bertelsen et al. (2000). 

Parkin, K.L. and Hultin, H.O. 1982. Some factors influencing the production of dimethylamine and formaldehyde in minced and intact red hake muscle. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 6 73-97. 

Braun BE, Krieg M, Smith K and Lammel A (1982) Sexual environment and molybdate two factors influencing the androgen-receptor quantification in prostate, bulbocavernosus/levator ani and heart muscle of male Wistar rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 26 177-188. 

Hoffman, H. (1951) A study of the factors influencing innervation of muscles by implanted nerves. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 29 289-308. 

Collagen fibrils seem ideally constructed to provide simple experimental models which may be used, by observation of swelling, contraction, and extension as functions of chemical or physical environments, to simulate the possible roles of protein fibrous systems in tissues or to learn how the environmental factors influence protein chain configuration in general. Pryor (181) has already offered suggestions of this sort in connection with problems of muscle contraction. 

Schoenberg, M., Geometrical factors influencing muscle force development 1. The effect of filament spacing upon axial forces, Biophys. J., 30,51 7,1980. 

Factors Influencing Muscle Strength and Strength Measurement... 

Strength Testing and Muscle Terminology Factors Influencing... 

Endurance Terminology Factors Influencing Neuromuscular Endurance and Measurement of Endurance Parameters Measured Methods and Instruments Used to Measure Neuromuscular Endurance Key Concepts in Measuring Muscle Endurance... 

Muscles with larger moment arms, longer muscle fibers, and less pennation tend to be capable of generating greater speed. Many of the same factors influencing strength, discussed earher, such as muscle... 

Sun XD, Holley RA (2011) Factors influencing gel frumation by myofibrillar proteins in muscle foods. Cranpr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 10 33-51... 

Ling C, Poulsen P, Carlsson B et al. (2004) Multiple environmental and genetic factors influence skeletal muscle PGCl-alpha and PGC-lbeta gene expression in twins. J Clin Invest 114, 1518-1526. 

---