Influencing factors efficiency

Y. (2010). Microencapsulation techniques, factors influencing encapsulation efficiency. Journal of Microencapsulation, Vol. 27, 3, (June 2010), pp. (187-197), ISSN... 

Electrolytic recovery systems work best on concentrated solutions. For optimal plating efficiency, recovery tanks should be agitated ensuring that good mass transfer occurs at the electrodes. Another important factor to consider is the anode/cathode ratio. The cathode area (plating surface area) and mass transfer rate to the cathode greatly influence the efficiency of metal deposition. 

Several factors influence the efficiency of removing contaminants from soils by EO. The first factor is the chemistry generated at the electrodes. Low-pH conditions generated at the anode cause... 

Besides the impressive difference in the chemiexcitation efficiency, also the fluorescence yield of the meta-pattemed emitter m-17 is by more than an order of magnitude ( ) higher than that of the para regioisomer p-17 . Evidently, crossed-conjugated emitters are advantageous for the design of efficient intramolecular CIEEL systems. In Sections V.A-V.C we shall consider additional internal (substrate structural effects) and external (medium influence) factors, which play an essential role in the development of efficient dioxetane-based analytical probes. 

The ring size of the spiro derivatives on the one hand and the bulkiness of the open chain substituents on the other, are expected to have an opposite influence on the size of the O—P—O angle and thereby on the state of hybridization of phosphorus. These geometric factors thus influence the efficiency of phosphorus d-orbital participation. According to Schweig, maximum dy overlap occurs if the d orbitals are oriented at an angle of 45 with respect to the xy-plane of the ring. 

Liu, Y., Mounkes, L.C., Liggitt, H.D., et al. (1997). Factors influencing the efficiency of cationic liposome-mediated intravenous gene delivery. Nat. Biotechnol., 15, 167-173. 

The first attempt to develop an efficient scintillation method for low level counting consisted of evaluating the dioxane-based solution and studying the many factors influencing the efficiency and the background (9). 

F14. —, and S. Loshaek Cross-linked polymers. I. Factors influencing the efficiency of crosslinking in copolymers of methyl methacrylate and glycol dimethacrylates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 3544 (1953). 

Rutin extraction from buckwheat was optimally performed using between 50% and 60% ethanol with a 3-hr maceration (Kreft et al., 1999). Repeating the extraction two times was sufficient to extract most of the rutin. Lie et al. (2000) demonstrated the optimization of influencing factors such as extraction temperatures, extraction times, and solvent concentrations in a conventional extraction of dry powdered material of Hypericum perforatum. Applied extraction conditions caused variations to favor different components in the mixture. Higher extraction efficiency was achieved with moderately polar solvents to extract flavonoids such as rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin. The optimum extraction conditions for dry Hypericum perforatum leaf powder were determined as 44% to 69% ethanol in acetone with a 5.3- to 5.9-hr maceration at 55°C. 

Assuming that we have such a situation favorable for charge separation, we have to consider what factors influencing the efficiency of charge separation in an illuminated semiconductor electrode are affected by crystal orientation or crystal imperfections. Five such factors are listed in the following table ... 

Sellergren B (1999) Polymer- and template-related factors influencing the efficiency in molecularly imprinted solid-phase extractions. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 18(3) 164—174... 

Unless the boiling points of the components of a mixture are widely different it is usual to employ a fractionating column to attempt the separation of liquid mixtures by distillation. Apparatus for precision fractionation, which can successfully separate mixtures in which the components have boiling points which differ by only a few degrees, is available, although careful operation and an appreciation of the factors which influence the efficiency of the fractionating column chosen are needed. 

If MPT is solubilized in aqueous CTAB micelles together with a hydrophobic quencher, statistical and proximity effects will influence the efficiency and rate of the energy transfer in the same direction. Thus reaction 20 is enhanced in the confined space of a CTAB micelle by a factor of HO (19). 

The primary factors Horn44 considers in his framework are gut length, gut pH, and microbial activity (Table 11.1). Besides these, other factors are also proving to be part of the complex mixture of variables that are important in herbivorous fish digestion. These other factors include specific endogenous and exogenous digestive enzymes in the gut, redox state, concentration, and activity of surfactants, and concentration and activity of cations. Gut transit time or evacuation rate is also considered an important factor because it influences assimilation efficiency and consumption rates.39-52-53... 

The formation of electronic surface states in a semiconductor band gap by metal nanoparticles is the major factor that determine the efficiency of electron exchange between metal particles and a semiconductor matrix. It also influences the efficiency of electro-... 

The feed section takes the product from the feeding system and conveys it to the plastification section. At the same time, there must be sufficient free volume to allow gas reflux, e. g., air or nitrogen, to escape from the process section upstream. If the throughput rate of the extruder is less than the input product flow, the product will back up in the feed hopper, indicating that the intake limit has been reached. Along with the known extruder data, such as the screw speed, the screw pitch, and the available volume in the screw channel, other influencing factors, such as the fill rate of the screw channel, the conveying efficiency, the bulk density, and other bulk characteristics of the product sometimes affect the... 

As with other forms of chromatography, maximizing column efficiency is critical to the overall development of the technique. The majority of our research in MECC has focused on studies of experimental factors which influence column efficiency (11). 

The performance of protein or antibody microarrays is dependent on various factors. One of these is the use of an appropriate microarray surface for the immobilization of the protein or antibody samples. Most conventional microarray surfaces have been adapted from DNA chip technology. DNA can easily be immobilized by electrostatic interactions of the phosphate backbone onto a positively charged surface. In contrast to DNA, as already mentioned, proteins are chemically and structurally much more complex and show variable charges, which may influence the efficiency of protein attachment. Additionally, proteins lose their structure and biochemical activity easily. For example, globular proteins consist of a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior. When immobilized on a hydrophobic surface, the inside of the protein turns out, which may destabilize the structure and, simultaneously, the activity of the protein. These considerations demonstrate the complex requirements for protein immobilization. 

---