Municipal biosolids

Multivariate curve resolution, 6 54—56 Multivariate linear regression, 6 32—35 Multivariate optical elements (MOE), 6 68 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 77 48, 49 22 720 26 737. See also Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) synthesis of, 26 806 Multiwall fullerenes, 12 231 Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs), 12 232 Multiwall paper bags, 78 11 Multiway analysis, 6 57-63 Multiyear profitability analysis, 9 535-537 Multiyear venture analysis, 0 537-544 sample, 9 542-S44 Mummification, 5 749 Mumps vaccine, 25 490 491 Mumps virus, 3 137 Municipal biosolids, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal distribution, potential for saline water use in, 26 55-56 Municipal effluents, disposal of, 26 54 Municipal landfill leachate, chemicals found in, 25 876t... 

Jacobsen A.-M., A. Lorenzen, R. Chapman, and E. Topp (2005). Persistence of Testosterone and 17 3-Estradiol in Soils Receiving Swine Manure or Municipal Biosolids. Journal of Environmental Quality 34 861-871. 

Lorenzen A., J.G. Hendel, K.L. Conn, S. Bittman, A.B. Kwabiah, G. Lazarovitz, D. Masse, T.A. McAUister, and E. Topp (2004). Survey of hormone activities in municipal biosolids and animal manures. Environmental Toxicology 19 216-225. 

In recent years, improper disposal of various waste materials has posed serious threats to surface and groundwater supplies and developed into a global scale soil and water pollution problem [1], Heavy metals account for much of the contamination found at hazardous waste sites in the United States, and have been detected in the soil and groundwater at approximately 65% of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites [2], Dramatic increases in land application of agricultural and municipal biosolids have accentuated the problem. In spite of their beneficial contributions as nutrient sources and soil conditioners, these amendments, if not monitored, pose a considerable environmental risk because of their high heavy-metal concentrations [3],... 

Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes municipal solid wastes (MSW), municipal biosolids (sewage), industrial wastes, animal manures, agricultural crop and forestry residues, landscaping and tree clippings and trash, and dead biomass that results from nature s life cycles. Several of these wastes can cause serious health or environmental problems if they are not disposed of properly. Some wastes such as MSW can be considered to be a source of recyclables... 

Commercial broilers had the highest population, about 7 billion, and they produced the second largest amount of manure cattle, which had a population of about 100 million, produced the largest amount. No differentiation was made in this assessment between dairy and beef cattle. The daily production rate per head of dry manure solids used was the arithmetic average of dairy cattle and beef cattle, since the dairy-to-beef cattle ratio of the reported manure production rates is about 1.45 (Stanford Research Institute, 1976). Some assessments indicate that the ratio of productivities is 3.1 (Jaycor, 1990). The effects of daily manure production per animal are evident as shown in Table 5.2. When published waste production factors are used for conversion of the animal populations to human equivalents in terms of solid waste generation as shown in the table, the total human population equivalent of these animals is estimated at almost 3 billion people. This is approximately 12 times the U.S. population in the mid-1990s, a ratio considerably less than reported in 1968, when it was estimated to be 20 times that of the human population (American Chemical Society, 1969). But the latter ratio included liquid wastes as well. The ratio of total animal excreta to total municipal biosolids generation calculated here, both of which exclude liquid wastes, is about 36 on a mass basis (307.1 dry t/8.6 million dry t). 

Because of these broad differences, many of the possible feedstock-process-energy product combinations are not feasible. For example, untreated municipal biosolids contain very large amounts of moisture and are normally unsuitable for thermochemical conversion. Such feedstocks do not support self-sustained combustion under conventional conditions unless the moisture... 

FIGURE 12.4 Typical distribution of components for the anaerobic digestion of municipal biosolids. 

Edwards, M., E. Topp, C. D. Metcalfe, H. Li, N. Gottschall, P. Bolton, W. Cumoe, M. Payne, A. Beck, S. Kleywegt, and D. R. Lapen. 2009. Pharmaceutical and personal care products in tile drainage following spreading and injection of dewatered municipal biosolids to an agricultural field. Sci. Total Environ. 407 4220-4230. 

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