Multi-electrode cells

Figure 2.10 Electrical connection in multi-electrode cells (a) monopolar and...

Kallip, S., A. C. Bastos, M. L. Zheludkevich, and M. G. S. Ferreira, A multi-electrode cell for high-throughput SVET screening of corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion Science, 52, 2010, 3146. 

Fig. 2 Multi - electrode core flow cell configuration.

Electrodialysis can be performed with two main cell types multi-membrane cells for dilution-concentration and water dissociation applications, and electrolysis (or electro-electrodialysis [EED]) cells for oxidoreduction reactions. In multimembrane cells, only the membrane transport phenomena intervene, while electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrodes do not interact with the separation process the electrodes are simple electrical terminals immersed in electrolytes allowing the current transfer. The electrolysis cell operates with only one membrane that separates two solutions circulating in each electrode compartment. This application is based on electrode redox reactions, which are electrolysis specific properties. The anode induces oxidations, and reductions occur at the cathode [4]. 

Van Vliet E, Stoppini L, Balestrino M, et al. Electrophysiological recording of reaggregating brain cell cultures on multi-electrode arrays to detect acute neurotoxic effects. Neurotoxicology. 2007 28 1136-1146. 

Clements, M., Thomas, N. (2014). High-throughput multi-parameter profiling of electrophysiological drug effects in human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes using multi-electrode arrays. 

If studies on the electrode interface in first generation polymer electrolyte cells are scarce, they are practically non-existent in second and third generation polymer electrolyte cells, i.e. in those systems which are currently proposed as the most promising for the development of multi-purpose LPBs. However, lithium passivation in these multi-phase, multi-component cell systems is expected to be even more severe than that experienced with the cells based on the relatively simple membranes formed by binary mixtures of PEO and lithium salts. In fact, the second and third generation membranes are commonly based on liquid additives and plasticizers (e.g. propylene carbonate, see Chapter 3) which are very reactive with the lithium metal electrode... 

Suzuki, I., Y. Sugio, Y. Jimbo, and K. Yasuda. 2005. Stepwise pattern modification of neuronal network in photo-thermally-etched agarose architecture on multi-electrode array chip for individual-cell-based electrophysiological measurement. Lab Chip 5 241-247. 

Figure 9.4 Scaffolds of electrospun nanofibers with complex structures or architectures. (a) A multi-electrode collector where different pairs of electrodes were grounded sequentially (e.g.. 1/4. 2/5, and then 3/6) to produce a multi-layered scaffold- (b) SEM image of a tri-layered scaffold with the nanofibers in each layer rotated by 120°. (c) Encapsulation of cells in between nonwoven mats of nanofibers by alternating depositions of fibers and cells, (d) fluorescence micrograph showing a construct...

Fig. 6. Cells used in various electro-optic experiments. In (a) the field is transverse to the light path as for birefringence and dichroism experiments, (b) is the multireflecting cell for electric dichroism. In (c) the multi de cells are also arranged in longitudinal array for optical rotation experiments, (d) are light scattering cells with hmizontal and vertical electrodes as shown...

An obvious extension of the bipolar design idea presented in the previous section is the induction of NEMCA using multi-stripe or multi-dot Pt catalysts placed between two terminal Au electrodes, as shown in Figs. 12.8 and 12.9. Both designs have been successfully tested as shown in these figures.10 Larger terminal voltages are applied here between the two Au electrodes, so that the potential difference in each individual cell formed between the Pt stripes or dots is of the order of IV.10... 

Of direct interest for biofuel cell applications are the reported reduction of O2 by multi-copper oxidases on carbon nanotube electrodes [Yan et al., 2006 Zheng et al., 2006] and the oxidation of H2 by hydrogenase covalently bound to carbon nanotubes [Alonso-Lomillo et al., 2007]. The hydrogenase/nanotube anode is extremely stable (>1 month), and shows 33-fold enhanced enzyme coverage compared with similarly treated graphite of the corresponding geometric surface area. A. vinosum... 

Cells of the type in Scheme 11 represent the simplest case of cells with a bi-ionic potential [3]. Hence, in the case of a larger number of ions transferred through the organic phase a multi- or polyionic potential should be considered. Liquid ion-selective electrodes operate on the basis of cells of the type in Scheme 10 their selectivity can be examined with the use of Scheme 11 and polyionic cells. 

The reduction is usually made in a multi-compartment electrochemical cell, where the reference electrode is isolated from the reaction solution. The solvent can be water, alcohol or their mixture. As organic solvent A,A-dimethyl form amide or acetonitrile is used. Mercury is often used as a cathode, but graphite or low hydrogen overpotential electrically conducting catalysts (e.g. Raney nickel, platinum and palladium black on carbon rod, and Devarda copper) are also applicable. 

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