DIMETHYL FORM AMIDE

Of the many solvents proposed, only a few have found commercial appHcation, including water (Hbls), anhydrous ammonia (SBA), chilled methanol (Montecatini), /V-methy1pyrro1idinone (BASF), butyrolactone, acetone, dimethyl-form amide, and hydrocarbon fractions. 

Copolymers of acrylonitrile are sensitive to heat, and melt spinning is not used. Solution spinning (wet or dry) is the preferred process where a polar solvent such as dimethyl form amide is used. In dry spinning the solvent is evaporated and recovered. 

Heat Test. Loss 1st 48 hrs 0,07% loss 2nd 48 hrs 0.00% explosion in 100 hrs none Hygroscopicity. % wt gain at 30°, 90% RH trace Vacuum Stability Test, cc/40 hrs at 90° none 100° none 120° 0.11 Sand Bomb Test (200g). 16.3 g sand Sensitivity to Initiation. Minimum detonating charge, g LA 0.20 Tetryl 0.25 Solubility. g/lOOcc solvent in water at 100° 0.10 NB at 150°, <15. Sol in acet ac, nitric acid, caustic potash v sol in dimethyl form-amide insol in ethyl ale, benz, butyl acetate, CC14 ethyl ether (Ref 6)... 

Bicyclophosphates can be dissolved in organic solvents to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, /V,/V-dimethyl form amide, N,N-dimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used. 

The reduction is usually made in a multi-compartment electrochemical cell, where the reference electrode is isolated from the reaction solution. The solvent can be water, alcohol or their mixture. As organic solvent A,A-dimethyl form amide or acetonitrile is used. Mercury is often used as a cathode, but graphite or low hydrogen overpotential electrically conducting catalysts (e.g. Raney nickel, platinum and palladium black on carbon rod, and Devarda copper) are also applicable. 

Methyl Ethers. Methylation of sucrose is generally conducted under basic conditions. Etherification occurs initially at the most acidic hydroxyl groups, HO-2, HO-T, and HO-3f, followed by the least hindered groups, HO-6 and HO-6. Several reagents have found use in the methylation of sucrose, including dimethyl sulfate—sodium hydroxide (18,19), methyl iodide—silver oxide—acetone, methyl iodide—sodium hydride in N, N- dimethyl form amide (DMF), and diazomethane—boron trifluoride etherate (20). The last reagent is particularly useful for compounds where mild conditions are necessary to prevent acyl migration (20). 

N 18.67% yel ndls (from Nitrobenz), mp 316° (dec), mp — explodes sol in dimethyl form-amide si sol in hot acet, methyl ethyl ketone glac acet acid. This compd vas prepd by Shipp (Ref 5) from 2,4,6TTr initrobenzyl chloride in methanol by heating on a steam bath with methanol contg KOH. Since this product melts at 105° higher than that.reported by Reich. et al (Refs 1 2), its identity was confirmed by mw detn, elemental analysis, and by an unambiguous independent synthesis. Its X-ray diffraction measurements were also made its unit cell dimensions reported. The product of Reich et al [mp 211°(dec), correct value 218—20°] is probably 2,4,6,2, 4, 6 -Hexanitrobibenzil... 

Amino-pyridazines and -pyridazinones react with monomethyl- or N,N- dimethyl-form amide and other aliphatic amides in the presence of phosphorus trichloride, thionyl chloride, phosgene or benzenesulfonyl chloride to give mono- or di-alkylaminomethyl-eneamino derivatives. The same compounds can be prepared conveniently with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal in high yield (Scheme 50). 

This is the concluding chapter on nitrogen-containing com-pounds nod covers dimethyl acetamide (DMA), dimethyl form amide (DMF). aniline and pyndine. 

Fig. 7. Cyclic voltammograms for the reduction of 1.0 m M [2,2,-ethylene-bis(nitrilomethylidyne)diphenolato]nickel(II) in dimethyl form amide at a glassy carbon electrode, in A, the absence, and B and C the presence of 2.0 and 5.0 mM 6-iodo-l-phenyl-l-hexyne, respectively (14).

M.E. Sitzman S.C. Foti, Solubilities of Explosives , JChemEngrgData 20 (1), 53 55 (1975) CA 82,100890 (1975) [Dimethyl form-amide (DMF) is the best solvent for HMX, except that it forms a complex, and therefore is not recommended as being a true solvent. Butyrlactone and dimethylsulfoxide ot their mixts axe also excellent solvents for HMX, resulting in true solns)... 

Abbreviations BOP, benzotriazol-l-yloxy-tris(dunethylamino)phosphonium hexafluoro-phosphate DCC, N.N -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DIC, /V./V -diisopropylcarbodiimide DME, dimethoxyethane DMF, /V./V-dimethyl form amide DIEA, /V-cthyldiisopropyla-mine Et20, diethyl ether HOBt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole HOSu, iV-hydroxysuccimmide t-BuOMe, tert-butylmethylether TFA, trifluoroacetic acid TIS, triisopropylsilane. 

In an EC2j process, the initial ET step is followed by a second-order irreversible homogeneous reaction. For example, the feedback mode of SECM was employed to study the reductive hydrodimerization of the dimethyl fumarate (DF) radical anion [22]. The experiments were carried out in solutions containing either 5.15 or 11.5 mM DF and 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in A,A,-dimethyl form amide (DMF). The increase in the feedback current with increasing concentration of DF indicated that the homogeneous step involved in this process is not a first-order reaction. The analysis of the data based on the EC2 theory yielded the fc2 values of 180M-1 s-1 and 160M-1 s-1 for two different concentrations. Another second order reaction studied by the TG/SC mode was oxidative dimerization of 4-nitrophenolate (ArO-) in acetonitrile [23]. In this experiment, the tip was placed at a fixed distance from the substrate. The d value was determined from the positive feedback current of benzoquinone, which did not interfere with the reaction of interest. The dimerization rate constant of (1.2 0.3) x 108 M x s-1 was obtained for different concentrations of ArO-. 

L-pyrenyldiazomethane to form stable, highly fluorescent L-pyienylmethyl monoesters (87). These esters have been analyzed in human blood by ce combined withlif detection. To miminize solute adsorption to the capillary wall, they were coated with polyacrylamide, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and dimethyl form amide were used as buffer additives to achieve rehable separations. Separation was performed in tris-citrate buffer, pH 6.4, under reversed polarity conditions. The assay was linear for semm MMA concentrations in the range of 0.1—200 Jlmol/L. 

Very weak interactions may also have appreciable geometrical consequences. An example is the structure of /V,V-dimethyl-form amide [55] (Figure 10). There is a... 

The upper temperature at which polyelectrolytes can be utilised can be extended by substitution of a polar organic solvent for water in the electrolyte. Conductivities of up to 1 Q 1m 1 have been obtained for sulphonated PEEK using anhydrous pyrazole and imidazole at 200 C (Kreuer et al., 1998). Solvents used to form electrolytes in Nafion membranes have included alcohols, amines, propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl form-amide, dimethyl sulphoxide and TV-methyl pyrrolidone. Typical conductivities for the latter three solvents are 10 to 1 O-lm 1 at room temperature, and the conductivity is thermally activated with activation energies in the range 9 to 24 kJ/mol (Doyle et al., 2001). 

Nitrobenzene o-Nitroanisole Dioxan Dioxan Benzene N.AT-Dimethyl-form amide Dioxan Benzene Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene JV,iV-Dimethyl-fon. amide A/,iV-Dimethyl-form amide Nitrobenzene Acetophenone Dioxan... 

The electrochemical reduction of (TPPFe)20 was carried out in dimethyl form-amide by Kadish et al.3s) and whereas for the monomer... 

Dimethyl form amide 23 365 9 0.37 0.2 titt change in appearance 41... 

Properties Light-cream-colored powder. Decomposes in air at 190-200C. Soluble in dimethyl form-amide somewhat soluble in pyridine, methyl ethyl ketone, and acetonitrile. Combustible. 

Or From Tetrabutyl-Ammonium Superoxide. Tetrabutyl-ammonium superoxide was found convenient for the superoxide dismutase assay since it dissolved readily without decomposition in N,N-dimethyl form-amide (70). Infusions of this solution into a cuvette containing aqueous oxidized cytochrome c reduced the available cytochrome c. In the presence of different erythrocuprein concentrations the reduction rate was progressively diminished. According to McCord and Fridovich (70) an enzyme unit was defined as 50% inhibition of the rate of reduction of cytochrome c. Alternatively tetranitromethane was found appropriate for monitoring Or (70, 136—148) where the stable nitroform anion C(N02)3 is being formed (Equ. (a)) ... 

Stability. Avermectins are highly lipophilic substances and dissolve in most organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, acetone, alcohols, toluene, cyclohexane, dimethyl form amide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and tetrahydrofuran. Their solubility in water is correspondingly low, only 0.006-0.009 ppm (= mg/L). 

---