Multi-component films

Standard thin films of known composition may not always be available, and in multi-component systems many k factors should be determined, which is a time-consuming process. A new quantitative procedure for thin specimens has been developed to overcome these limitations ... 

Therefore, Ca, Cb and pt can be determined simultaneously by measuring X-ray intensities (if the specimen density and thickness are known). Only f factors are required and k factors are not used. This approach can be extended to any multi-component system if one assumes J]Ci=l. The factors are measured from standard thin films with known composition and thickness, the advantage being that pure element thin films can be applied as standards. 

Wang HB, Meng GY, and Peng DK. Aerosol and plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition process for multi-component oxide La08Sr02MnO3 thin film. Thin Solid Films 2000 368 275-278. 

Recently multi-component polymer brush films have been synthesized in order to produce responsive substrates. As Fig. 10 illustrates, these so-called binary brushes contain two different polymers that may, or may not, be compatible with each other. Such a mixed brush may be synthesized by two strategies First, a mixed monolayer may be deposited with two different initiators (Fig. 10a). For example, one initiator could be activated thermally, while the other photochemically. Thus, a low to medium density polymer brush could be synthesized by selectively activating initiator A. The substrate could then be cleaned and immersed into a second monomer solution to activate B and grow a second polymer interdispersed with the first brush. 

There have been few studies reported in the literature in the area of multi-component adsorption and desorption rate modeling (1, 2,3., 4,5. These have generally employed simplified modeling approaches, and the model predictions have provided qualitative comparisons to the experimental data. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive model for multi-component adsorption kinetics based on the following mechanistic process (1) film diffusion of each species from the fluid phase to the solid surface (2) adsorption on the surface from the solute mixture and (3) diffusion of the individual solute species into the interior of the particle. The model is general in that diffusion rates in both fluid and solid phases are considered, and no restrictions are made regarding adsorption equilibrium relationships. However, diffusional flows due to solute-solute interactions are assumed to be zero in both fluid and solid phases. 

Bismuth-film electrodes (BiFEs), consisting of a thin bismuth-film deposited on a suitable substrate, have been shown to offer comparable performance to MFEs in ASY heavy metals determination [17]. The remarkable stripping performance of BiFE can be due to the binary and multi-component fusing alloys formation of bismuth with metals like lead and cadmium [18]. Besides the attractive characteristics of BiFE, the low toxicity of bismuth makes it an alternative material to mercury in terms of trace-metal determination. Various substrates for bismuth-film formation are reported. Bismuth film was prepared by electrodeposition onto the micro disc by applying an in situ electroplating procedure [19]. Bismuth deposition onto gold [20], carbon paste [21], or glassy carbon [22-24] electrodes have been reported to display an... 

Metallization. In the fabrication sequence described in Table I, metal layers are used as conductive paths between points on the same integrated circuit or as contact points between the IC and its package. The metal layers may be single component, multi-component alloys or multilayered thin films depending on the application. The methods used for depositing the metal are... 

In addition, patterns created by surface instabilities can be used to pattern polymer films with a lateral resolution down to 100 nm [7]. Here, I summarize various possible approaches that show how instabilities that may take place during the manufacture of thin films can be harnessed to replicate surface patterns in a controlled fashion. Two different approaches are reviewed, together with possible applications (a) patterns that are formed by the demixing of a multi-component blend and (b) pattern formation by capillary instabilities. 

While the demixing patterns in Fig. 1.2 are conceptually simple and exhibit only one characteristic length scale, more complex phase morphologies are obtained by the demixing of a multi-component blend [16]. With more than two polymers in a film, the pattern formation is (in addition to the factors discussed in the previous section) governed by the mutual wetting behavior of the components. Two different scenarios are shown in Fig. 1.4 [ 17]. While both films in Fig. 1.4(a) and (b) consist of the same three polymers, their mutual interaction was modulated by preparing the films under different humidity conditions [15],... 

In the past few years, we have seen trends where more complex manufacturing systems are developed that manufacture parts using various materials and components such as coextrusion of multilayer films and sheets, multi-component injection molding, sandwiched parts or hollow products. 

Possibility for the preparation of multi-component alloys with concentrations of elements much higher than their equilibrium values. This is due to the fact that the film composition is mainly determined by the relative contents of components in the stream of sputtered atoms and by the adhesion factor, but is not defined by thermodynamic equilibrium. 

T. Venkatesan, K.S. Harshavardhan, M. Strikovski, J. Kim, Recent advances in the deposition of multi-component oxide films by pulsed energy deposition. In Thin Films and Heterostructures for Oxide Electronics, ed. by S.B. Ogale (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 2005) pp 385-413... 

This is becoming known by the above name but the name used in the seminal papers of Curme et al. and Spayd et al. of Eastman Kodak Company is multi layer film elements for clinical analysis 44-45). It is a technique which unites two aspects of clinical analysis. One is the procedure for carrying out quantitative tests on fibre strips. These strips may be dipped into a sample of urine and instantly reveal the concentration of up to 8 basic components it is an elegant variation of indicator paper. The other aspect is the increasing use being made of biological methods, particularly enzyme methods for clinical analysis. 

Products composed of more than one type of plastic, either monocomponent, such as multi-layer films or laminates, or multi-components, such as plastic bottles and caps. 

Since the early suggestion that ferroelectric thin film materials could be the high dielectric layer in the capacitor of the ultra large scale integrated dynamic random access memory devices (ULSI DRAMS) made by Parker and Tasch, there has been a great deal of research effort to deposit multi-component ferroelectric oxide thin films as well as more recent industrial activity. The term ferroelectric indicates the property of certain materials that have remnant... 

Figure 6.17 Possible sandwich-layered metal films and heterostructures, which can be formed by UPD and OPD in multi-component systems Tl , Au(feA0/Ag TT, and...

These essentially consist of a pair of closely spaced, vertical rectangular plates bounded on the sides by the electrodes. The sample and carrier buffer are fed from the top of the slit and travel down in laminar flow to a battery of fraction collectors at the bottom. Unlike the Philpot-Harwell device, which is essentially adiabatic, the thin-film separator can be cooled at the plates. The commercially available device, the Elphor , has a throughput of around 0.1 g/h of protein when operated for multi-component separation. It has been used to separate not only proteins, but cells and other particulate materials. Like the Philpot-Harwell apparatus, it uses a relatively large quantity of carrier buffer and the products are substantially diluted during separation. 

Fig. 13.18 Simplified processs schematic showing the major steps for fabrication and assembly of the MEMS FDNMR spectrometer. The steps involve electropating of a thin-film, multi-component, soft magnet alloy, fabrication of the Si beam resonator, and the final assembly of the spectrometer. Shown to the right are an optical micrograph of the electroplated 60 pm detector magnet, and an SEM image of the 400-pm-long Si beam resonator fabricated using Deep Reactive Ion Etching...

Bock EJ, Frew NM (1993) Static and dynamic response of natural multi-component oceanic surface films to compression and dilation laboratory and field observations. J Geophys Res 98 14599-14617... 

First the equations for the modified Murphree plate efficiency are developed and then the corresponding equations for the Murphree plate efficiency are developed. Expressions for the vaporization efficiencies for each of these efficiencies are then presented. The section is concluded by the presentation of numerical examples for binary mixtures which demonstrate that essentially the same compositions of the vapor leaving a plate are predicted by vaporization efficiencies corresponding to the modified Murphree efficiency model as are predicted by the Murphree plate efficiencies. This result suggests that the correlations for the film coefficients developed by others4 for use with Murphree efficiencies may be used in the prediction of vaporization efficiencies for multi-component systems. 

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