Bismuth film electrode

Bismuth-film electrodes (BiFEs), consisting of a thin bismuth-film deposited on a suitable substrate, have been shown to offer comparable performance to MFEs in ASY heavy metals determination [17]. The remarkable stripping performance of BiFE can be due to the binary and multi-component fusing alloys formation of bismuth with metals like lead and cadmium [18]. Besides the attractive characteristics of BiFE, the low toxicity of bismuth makes it an alternative material to mercury in terms of trace-metal determination. Various substrates for bismuth-film formation are reported. Bismuth film was prepared by electrodeposition onto the micro disc by applying an in situ electroplating procedure [19]. Bismuth deposition onto gold [20], carbon paste [21], or glassy carbon [22-24] electrodes have been reported to display an... 

Other metals, such as copper, nickel, or silver, have been used as electrode materials in connection with specific applications, such as the detection of amino acids or carbohydrates in alkaline media (copper and nickel) and cyanide or sulfur compounds (silver). Unlike platinum or gold electrodes, these electrodes offer a stable response for carbohydrates at constant potentials, through the formation of high-valence oxyhydroxide species formed in situ on the surface and believed to act as redox mediators (40,41). Bismuth film electrodes (preplated or in situ plated ones) have been shown to be an attractive alternative to mercury films used for stripping voltammetry of trace metals (42,43). Alloy electrodes (e.g., platinum-ruthenium, nickel-titanium) are also being used for addressing adsorption or corrosion effects of one of their components. The bifunctional catalytic mechanism of alloy electrodes (such as Pt-Ru or Pt-Sn ones) has been particularly useful for fuel cell applications (44). 

Arribas, A. S., Bermejo, E., Chicharro, M. and Zapardiel, A. (2006), Voltammetric detection of the herbicide metamitron at a bismuth film electrode in nondeaerated solution. Electroanalysis, 18(23) 2331-2336. 

Guzsvany, V., Kaddar, M., Gaal, F., Bjelica, L. and Toth, K. (2006), Bismuth film electrode for the cathodic electrochemical determination of thiamethoxam. Electroanalysis, 18(13-14) 1363-1371. 

Kefala, G. and Economou, A. (2006), Polymer-coated bismuth film electrodes for the determination of trace metals by sequential-injection analysis/anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 576(2) 283-289. 

Different versions of stripping analysis have been successfully employed in connection to bismuth-film electrodes. While most early studies have been devoted to conventional stripping-voltammetric measurements, recent activity expanded the scope of bismuth elec-... 

A study on operational parameters for advanced use of bismuth film electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis 14(24) 1707-1712. 

We have developed nanoparticle label-based electrochemical immunoassay of OP exposure biomarkers, OP-ChE (44). The principle and procedure of this method is shown in Figure 5. Here, zircomia (Zr02) NPs, electrochemically deposited on the electrode surface, which functioned as the capture antibodies in the sandwich immunoassay. The zirconia- NP- modified electrode is then exposed to the sample solution and the ChE-OP in the sample is captured by the Zr02 nanoparticles. The QD-tagged, anti-AChE conjugate is introduced to form the sandwich-like complex on the sensor surface. The captured QDs are then dissolved by a drop of acid to release cadmium ions. This is followed by square wave voltammetric (SWV) [abbreviation already introduced but unexplained] detection of the released cadmium ions at an in situ plated mercury/bismuth film electrode. 

Krolicka A, Bobrowski A, Kalcher K, et al. (2003) Study on catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry of trace cobalt at bismuth film electrodes. Electroanalysis 15 1859-1863. 

Wang J and Lu J (2000) Bismuth film electrodes for adsorptive stripping voltammetry of trace nickel. Electrochemical Communications 2 390-393. 

Sopha, H.I. and Svancara, I. (2014) Determination of TNT at an ex-situ prepared bismuth film electrode using adsorptive stripping voltammetry. An initial study, Sci. Pap. Univ. Pardubice, Sen A, 20, 5 - 20,... 

Lin L, Lawrence NS, Thongngamdee S, Wang J, Lin YH (2005) Catalytic adsorptive stripping determination of trace chromium(VI) at the bismuth film electrode. Talanta 65 144... 

Guzsvany V, Kadar M, Papp Z, Bjelica L, Gaal F, Toth K (2008) Monitoring of photocatalytic degradation of selected neonicotinoid insecticides by cathodic voltammetry with a bismuth film electrode. Electroanalysis 20 291... 

A. Economou, A. Voulgaropoulos, On-line stripping voltammetry of trace metals at a flow-through bismuth-film electrode by means of a hybrid flow-injection/sequential-injection system, Talanta 71 (2007) 758-765. 

Y. Wang, Z. Liu, G. Yao, P. Zhu, X. Hu, Q. Xu, C. Yang, Determination of cadmium with a sequential injection lab-on-valve by anodic stripping voltammetry using a nafion coated bismuth film electrode, Talanta 80 (2010) 1959-1963. 

Pb(ll), Vegetables Cd(ll) DPASV Nafion-coated bismuth film electrode Acid/dry- ashing digestion 0.1 M acetate buffer solution, pH 4.5 DL 0.17 pg - [14]... 

Zn(ll) Vegetables DPASV Nafion- coated bismuth film electrode Acid/dry- ashing digestion... 

Xu, H., Zeng, L Huang, D. et al. (2008) A nation-coated bismuth film electrode for the determination of heavy metals in vegetable using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry an alternative to mercury-based electrodes. Food Chem., 109,834-839. 

Economou and Voulgaropoulos [108] have successfully exploited the combination between stripping voltammetry and BIA system for quantification of Cd ", Pb +, Zn +, and In + (by anodic stripping voltammetry) and Ni +, Co +, U +, and Al " (by adsorptive stripping voltammetry). A bismuth-film electrode was coated with Nation to increase the sensitivity and improve the mechanical stability to the film during the determination of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Adequate selectivity, quickness, simplicity, and low consumption of... 

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