Moth pests

Carde, R.T. and Minks, A.K. 1995. Control of moth pests by mating disruption Successes and constraints. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40, 559-585. 

In the agricultural field, it is used to control many pests, including moth pests of cotton, fruit and vegetable crops. Cypermethrin is a moderately toxic material by thermal absorption or ingestion. It causes irritation to the skin and eyes. If exposed for a long period, it may affect the nervous system. 

Imura, O. (1981) Effect of relative humidity on the development and oviposition of four phycitid moth pests associated with stored-products. Report of the National Food Research Institute 38, 106-114. 

Several clues indicate the presence of insect infestation in stored foods (Table IV). The presence of eggs of pulse beetles such as Callosobruchus spp. can be easily seen in infested pulses with the naked eye. Similarly, the exit holes of internal infesters such as Sitophilus spp., R. dominica, Proste-phanus truncatus, and S. cerealella are clearly visible in infested food grains. In the case of khapra beetle (T. granarium) infestation, the exuviae of the larvae are indicators of the presence of the pest. Infestation by moth pests including E. cautella, Plodia interpunctella, and Corcyra cephalonica is... 

Microencapsulated and hollow fiber formulations of the pheromone were shown to disrupt mating of both the RBLR and the GBM (578). However attempts to disrupt mating for the complex of moth pests were less successful improved formulations with better control of release rates of individual components are needed. Tumlinson et al. (579) and Roelofs (580) have dealt with the problems involved in manipulating complexes of insect pests. Roelofs and Card6 (21) have analyzed communication systems and their disruption by pheromones and para-pheromones. 

Card6, R. T. Utilization of pheromone in the population management of moth pests. Environmental Health Perspectives 14, 133—144 (1976). 

Other food lures which have had practical use ia trapping insect pests include isoamyl saUcylate [87-20-7] for moths of the tomato and tobacco homworms, Manduca spp. heptyl butyrate [5870-93-0] for stinging yeUowjackets, Vespula spp. and l-octene-3-ol [3391-86-4] for the bloodsucking tsetse dies, Glossina spp. 

Indoor Pests cockroaches, fleas, flies, Hce, carpet beetles, clothes moths, silverfish, centipedes, millipedes, termites mice, rats mil dew... 

Wool, as a keratin, is a highly cross-linked, insoluble proteinaceous fiber, and few animals have developed the specialized digestive systems that aUow them to derive nutrition from the potential protein resource. In nature, these few keratin-digesting animals, principally the larvae of clothes moths and carpet beetles, perform a useful function in scavenging the keratinous parts of dead animals and animal debris (fur, skin, beak, claw, feathers) that ate inaccessible to other animals. It is only when these keratin-digesting animals attack processed wool goods that they are classified as pests. Very often they enter domestic or industrial huildings from natural habitats such as birds nests. 

However, not all natural enemies are fully effective. For example, the gypsy moth has approximately 100 parasites and predators attacking it but the pest reaches outbreak levels periodically (35). Nearly 40 biological control agents were introduced from Europe and Asia to control the moth and 11 of these became established (44). Yet not one of the 11 blocontrol agents is providing fully effective control, although each contributes to some limitation of this pest. 

Behavioral and Hormonal Chemicals. Sex pheromones, which attract pests to traps, are used effectively to control some insect pests, like the grape berry moth (46) and cabbage looper. With other Insect pests, sex pheromones have been effectively used to monitor the size of pest insect populations to determine when pesticide treatments should be made. 

The widespread use of economic poisons has a definite impact on the animal complex on the face of the earth which provides our sustenance. Already we have seen the use of DDT for codling moth control on apples result in a relatively minor pest becoming a serious threat. The same material used as a wonder spray for fly control now fails, after a couple years of common usage, with the appearance of new, resistant strains of flies. Bees and other pollinating insects as well as helpful predators or parasites may be decimated and their important aid be lost by untimely or improper use of most of the newer insecticides. 

The use of plant extracts for insect control dates into antiquity the use of Paris green as an insecticide for control of the Colorado potato beetle in 1867 probably marks the beginning of the modern era of chemical control of injurious insects. The development of lead arsenate followed later in the nineteenth century for gypsy moth control. The commercial production of nicotine insecticides, the production of calcium arsenate at the time of the first world war, and the use of fluorine, arsenical, and cyanide compounds, as well as other inorganic chemicals for insect control, were important steps in pest control. These chemicals were applied largely by dilute high pressure sprays or dusts. 

Identification of 9,12-tetradecadienyl (9,12-14) compounds began with studies on two cosmopolitan pests of stored products, the almond moth (Cadra cmtella, Pyralidae Phycitinae) and the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Phycitinae) [38,39]. This 9,12-14 structure has been reported from another 13 Pyralidae (only in Phycitinae) species and 11 Noctuidae species (9 species in Amphipyrinae, and 1 species each in Hadeninae and Plusiinae). These two families, however, are not closely related. Most likely, the females classified in distant groups happened to produce the same chemical in the train of their perpetual evolution of modifying the original systems for pheromone biosynthesis. The 5,7-dodecadienyl (5,7-12) structure is a carbon skeleton common... 

---