Stress disorders and

Hien DA, Nunes E, Levin FR, et al Posttraumatic stress disorder and short-term outcome in early methadone treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 19 31-37, 2000 Himmelsbach CK The morphine abstinence syndrome, its nature and treatment. Ann Intern Med 13 829-839, 1941... 

Kramer, T., Lindy, J., Green, B., Grace, M. and Leonard, A., The lombordity of post traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviors 24(1), 58, 1994. 

Zaslav, M., Psychology or comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse lessons for combat veterans. J Psychoactive Drugs 26(4), 393-400, 1994. 

The differential diagnosis of depression is organized along both symptomatic and causative lines. Symptomatically, major depression is differentiated from other disorders by its clinical presentation or its long-term history. This is, of course, the primary means of distinguishing psychiatric disorders in DSM-1V. The symptomatic differential of major depression includes other mood disorders such as dysthymic disorder and bipolar disorder, other disorders that frequently manifest depressed mood including schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, adjustment disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and, finally, other nonpsychiatric conditions that resemble depression such as bereavement and medical illnesses like cancer or AIDS. 

Grossman R, Yehuda R, New A, Schmeidler J, Silverman J, Mitropoulous V, Sta Maria N, Bgolier J, Siever L (2003) Dexamethasone suppression test findings in subjects with personality disorders associations with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Am J Psychiatry 160 1291-1298... 

Heim C, Ehlert U, Rexhausen J, Hanker JP, Hellhammer DH (1998) Abuse-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with chronic pelvic pain. Psychosom Med 60 309-318 Heim C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH (2000) The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 1 -35 Heim C, Newport DJ, BonsaU R, MiUer AH, Nemeroff CB (2001) Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Am J Psychiatry 158 575-581... 

Yehuda R, Teicher MH, Trestman RL, Levengood RA, Siever LJ (1996b) Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression a chronobiological analysis. Biol Psychiatry 40 79-88... 

TABLE 43.2 Potential Neurobiological Abnormalities Associated With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Related Symptoms... 

Brady, K.T. (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity recognizing the many faces of PTSD. / Clin Psychiatry 58(Suppl) 12-15. 

Brophy, M.H. (1991) Cyproheptadine for combat nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder and dream anxiety disorder. Mil... 

De Beilis, M.D. (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. In Ammerman, R.T. and Hersen, M., eds. Handbook of Prevention and Treatment with Children and Adolescents Intervention in the Real World Context, pp. 455-494. 

Solomon, Z. and Bleich, A. (1998) Comorhidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in israeli veterans. CHS Spectrums 3(7) (Suppl 2) 15-21. 

Sierles FS, Chen J-J, McFarland RE, et al Post traumatic stress disorder and concurrent psychiatric illness a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 140 1177-1179, 1983... 

Brady KT, Sonne SC, Roberts JM. Sertraline treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 1995 56 502-505. 

Harvey AG, Bryant RA. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder a 2-year prospective evaluation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999 67 985-988. 

The nosology of anxiety disorders has changed considerably over the past 40 years (141). Such disorders were not mentioned in the original DSM. In DSM-II, problems with anxiety were considered a subset of behavioral disorders and were restricted to overanxious and withdrawing reactions. The DSM-III defined three types of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents overanxious, avoidant, and separation disorder. The DSM-III also acknowledged that children and adolescents could meet adult criteria for simple phobias, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In DSM-IV ( 45), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social phobia (or social anxiety disorder with childhood onset) replaced overanxious disorder and avoidant disorder, respectively. 

Clinical experience suggests that nefazodone may also be useful in panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, but without the 5HT2A-activating side effects associated with the SSRIs. 

Synergy within the serotoninergic system. Boosting serotonin neurotransmission has proved to be useful not only in treatment-resistant depression, but for treatment resistance within the whole family of serotonin spectrum disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bulimia. 

ANXIETY DISORDERS A group of mental disorders or conditions characterized in part by chronic feelings of fear, excessive and obsessive worrying, restlessness, and panic attacks. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, and others. 

Physicians use benzodiazepines to treat many disorders, including a number of anxiety disorders. These include acute anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition, benzodiazepines can be used to treat agitation or anxiety that is caused by other psychiatric conditions such as acute mania, psychotic illness, depression, impulse control disorders, and catatonia or mutism. 

Germain A, Nielsen TA (2003) Sleep pathophysiology in posttrraumatic stress disorder and idiopathic nightmare sufferers. Biol Psychiatry 54 1092-1098... 

Sheikh JI, Woodward SH, Leskin GA (2003) Sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder and panic Convergence and divergence. Depress Anxiety 18 187-197... 

Wheatley M, Plant J, Reader H, Brown G, Cahill C. Clozapine treatment of adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder and psychotic symptoms. J Chn Psychopharmacol 2004 24 167-73. 

In a placebo-controlled study in 18 combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and 11 healthy controls, intravenous yohimbine 0.4 mg/kg significantly increased the amplitude, magnitude, and probability of the acoustic startle reflex (used as a model to investigate the neurochemical basis of anxiety and fear states) in the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder but not in the controls (689). 

Lesaca, T. (1996). Symptoms of stress disorder and depression among trauma counselors after an airline disaster. Psychiatric... 

Matthews and Mossefin (2006) have summarized the evidence supporting psychotherapy models in PTSD using the American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Tf eatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as follows ... 

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