Monitoring time frames

Are sampling and monitoring results returned in a reasonable time frame to prevent harm to employees if the results are above PELs or published exposure levels [OSHA Referenee. 120(h)(1)]... 

The first method required to monitor the operating condition of plant equipment is to trend the relative condition over time. Most of the microprocessor-based systems will provide the means of automatically storing and recalling vibration and process parameters trend data for analysis or hard copies for reports. They will also automatically prepare and print numerous reports that quantify the operating condition at a specific point in time. A few will automatically print trend reports that quantify the change over a selected time frame. All of this is great, but what does it mean ... 

Most matrix reference materials are regarded stable for their application within a certain time frame see also Section 2.2. They are usually produced in large batches designed to ensure that the same material is available for a number of years as well as to spread the high cost of production over as many units as is possible. The stability is closely monitored from initial production by the producer lot numbers or even individual unit numbers are allocated and the producers closely monitor, by regular analysis, the condition and quality of their reference materials over time. Because of such careful control, and to minimize waste, the tendency has been for producers to give a usable life from receipt to the customer, commonly 12-24 months. However, the producers can give this shelf life expectancy only for unopened units. 

U.S. EPA defines MNA as the reliance on natural processes, within the context of a carefully controlled and monitored site cleanup approach, to achieve site-specific remediation objectives within a time frame that is reasonable compared to that offered by other more active methods. The natural processes include biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, volatilization, stabilization, and transformation. These processes reduce site risk by transforming contaminants to less toxic forms, reducing contaminant concentrations, and reducing contaminant mobility and bioavailability. Other terms for natural attenuation in the literature include intrinsic remediation, intrinsic bio-remediation, passive bioremediation natural recovery, and natural assimilation. 30... 

Should studies be limited to those using identical methods For practical purposes, this would mean using only separately published studies from the same lab in a limited time frame, for which the methods were the same for all and the similarity of methods was monitored. This criterion is very difficult to achieve. 

A variety of methods and approaches have been developed over the past decade to address these issues. This chapter takes a look at these methods, and focuses on the occurrence, detection, monitoring, and overall characterization of the subsurface lateral and vertical extent of free-phase NAPLs. Problems and limitations associated with the measurement and determination of apparent vs. actual thickness, empirical and field methods, volume determinations, recoverability, and time frame for recovery are discussed. 

Determination of actual LNAPL thickness in the formation is important in providing reasonable estimates of the volume of free product in the subsurface. This, in turn, allows for reasonable estimates of time frame for recovery, as well as provides a mechanism for monitoring the efficiency and effectiveness of a recovery operation. The efficiency and effectiveness of many large-scale recovery operations are monitored by the reduction in volume with time. Thus, the percent reduction with time can easily be viewed as insignificant if exaggerated volumes are used. For example, if one estimates a volume on the order of 100,000 barrels, of which 10,000 barrels have been recovered to date, then a 10% reduction over a certain time interval has been achieved. However, if only 50,000 barrels exist, of which 10,000 barrels have been recovered, then a 20% reduction has actually been achieved. 

Kinetic experiments were conducted using a pressure-jump apparatus with conductivity detection. Details of the apparatus and its operation can be found in Appendix A. Sample equilibration time can have an effect on the kinetic results (e.g., slow processes (on the order of hours-days) occurring concurrently but not monitored in the time frame of the p-jump technique (milllseconds-seconds)) hence, it is important to run kinetic experiments on samples with similar equilibration history. All samples were equilibrated between 3 and 4 hours for the p-jump kinetic studies. The temperature of the p-jump apparatus, which includes sample and reference solution cells, was maintained at 25.0°C 0.1°C. 

HasweU and Barclay [3] have described a microwave system coupled to an atomic absorption detection system for the analysis of sludges and soils. A major constraint at the present time is that the preferred operation of these types of systems is for sample matrices to be closely matched. A widely varying sample, which exhibits different heating characteristics, wiU either show up as an invaHd result or the time required to cope with this procedure for aU the samples wiU greatly extend the on-Hne analyses time scales. As more of these instrumental systems become Hnked to laboratory information management systems, it wiU become feasible to interact between the control database and the instrumentation so that each sample is treated in an appropriate manner and the optimum time frame is selected for each sample type. When new samples are analysed, the steps could be monitored so that the required time scales are obtained and then stored for future reference. 

In the workplace, an EMIT screening is typically used, with a CG/MS confirmation if the EMIT is positive. However, this is not a rule employers can, and some do, use unusual procedures. Some employers use the RIA, and some use the hair test. The government often uses RIA. They may or may not supervise the subject. Olympic athletes must be monitored by courier after a competition. The courier stays with the athlete until the athlete urinates, with a time frame of up to sixty minutes. 

Treatment should begin in the least restrictive setting that ensures personal safety, as it is important to maximize family involvement from the onset. In youth with SUD, family involvement increases compliance with treatment and leads to higher rates of sustained abstinence (Bergmann et ah, 1995). It is important to review with the patient and family that medication is one aspect of the treatment plan and is more likely to be effective when used in conjunction with other treatments. In addition, the clinician should also review how the medication will work, the possible side effects, and the time frame in which benefit may be expected. An informed and involved family is more likely to encourage compliance from an adolescent than one that has never met their child s treatment team. An adult caretaker and not the patient should store, administer, and monitor all prescription medications to maximize compliance and minimize the potential for abuse. 

MMBS is much less accessible to oxygen than as a powder so that mild oxidative discoloration can be conveniently monitored at 170°C in a time frame of maximum 5 h. A sample of milled sheet is positioned between two Mylar films and pressed. Then the films are removed, and the plaque is cut into rectangles, which are placed in a forced air oven. Samples are periodically removed and rated for their color development. 

Because the duration for one measurement is very short (e.g., with a 1-Hz input, a cycle is completed in 1 sec), a dynamic test is suitable for gaining information in a short time frame or for monitoring time-dependent changes in gel network properties. When monitoring the gelation process at a fixed frequency, it usually takes a few hours for G to become approximately constant. The constancy can be judged by a constant value of G at a fixed frequency during a subsequent frequency or strain sweep test, which usually takes several minutes. 

Control of the project is achieved by ensuring that all the tasks, or at least those which are on the critical path, are completed on time. For those elements of the project which have a relatively long time frame for completion, e.g. those which take months rather than weeks, the Project Manager may need to set up sub-projects in order to monitor the progress of these elements on a more even time basis. 

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