Monitoring Considerations

After selection and initiation of antimicrobial regimen, there are a number of additional patient care and monitoring considerations that should be addressed to improve the likelihood of a successful outcome. Patient education, deescalation of antimicrobial therapy based on culture results, monitoring for clinical response and adverse effects, and appropriate duration of therapy are important. 

Roscioli, N. Environmental monitoring considerations for biological manufacturing. BioPharm 1996, 9 (8), 32-38. 

Directly. Under reaction conditions where adsorbed reactants, intermediates, and products display significant IR absorption band intensities, the transient intensities may be quantitatively monitored. Considerable detailed studies are required to correlate these intensities with surface concentrations. 

Special Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Considerations at High Altitudes Determining work-... 

An example of an important sampling and monitoring consideration is the selection of the appropriate soil depth and soil depth increments for sampling and monitoring. 

Wijetunge, S., Gimawardana, U., Liyanapathi-rana, R. (2010). Wireless sensor netwoiks for structural health monitoring Considerations for communication protocol design. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 17th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), (pp. 694-699). IEEE Press. 

Monitoring and control of the production process will be performed by a combination of instrumentation and control equipment plus manual involvement. The level of sophistication of the systems can vary considerably. For example, monitoring well performance can be done in a simple fashion by sending a man to write down and report the tubing head pressures of producing wells on a daily basis, or at the other extreme by using computer assisted operations (CAO) which uses a remote computer-based system to control production on a well by well basis with no physical presence at the wellhead. 

When designing and evaluating an analytical method, we usually make three separate considerations of experimental error. First, before beginning an analysis, errors associated with each measurement are evaluated to ensure that their cumulative effect will not limit the utility of the analysis. Errors known or believed to affect the result can then be minimized. Second, during the analysis the measurement process is monitored, ensuring that it remains under control. Finally, at the end of the analysis the quality of the measurements and the result are evaluated and compared with the original design criteria. This chapter is an introduction to the sources and evaluation of errors in analytical measurements, the effect of measurement error on the result of an analysis, and the statistical analysis of data. 

Environmental Applications Although ion-selective electrodes find use in environmental analysis, their application is not as widespread as in clinical analysis. Standard methods have been developed for the analysis of CN , F , NH3, and in water and wastewater. Except for F , however, other analytical methods are considered superior. By incorporating the ion-selective electrode into a flow cell, the continuous monitoring of wastewater streams and other flow systems is possible. Such applications are limited, however, by the electrode s response to the analyte s activity, rather than its concentration. Considerable interest has been shown in the development of biosensors for the field screening and monitoring of environmental samples for a number of priority pollutants. 

The focus of this chapter is on the two principal components of a quality assurance program quality control and quality assessment. In addition, considerable attention is given to the use of control charts for routinely monitoring the quality of analytical data. 

Environmental Considerations. Environmental problems in Ziegler chemistry alcohol processes are not severe. A small quantity of aluminum alkyl wastes is usually produced and represents the most significant disposal problem. It can be handled by controlled hydrolysis and separate disposal of the aqueous and organic streams. Organic by-products produced in chain growth and hydrolysis can be cleanly burned. Wastewater streams must be monitored for dissolved carbon, such as short-chain alcohols, and treated conventionally when necessary. 

Locational considerations include both surficial location and screened interval, ie, the sampling depth. The surficial location is selected based on whether the sample is to represent background quaUty or quaUty at the location of contamination, or potential leak location. In selecting the surficial location, the groundwater flow parameters, velocity and direction, are assumed to be known from other monitoring wells or borings already completed. 

The success of the O2 sensor has made the auto manufacturers, regulators, and environmentalists anxious to extend chemical sensing to a variety of tailpipe gases, notably CO, NO, and short-chain hydrocarbons. Considerable research and development is needed for these molecules to be monitored in the hostile exhaust system environment (36). 

Industrial sterilization cycles tend to vary considerably, not only from manufacturer to manufacturer, but often from product type to product type, depending on the bioburden present on a given load. Chemical indicators have historically been used only to differentiate between sterilized and nonsterilized packages. More recent developments have resulted in the availability of chemical dosimeters of sufficient accuracy to permit their appHcation either as total monitors or as critical detectors of specific parameters. 

E. J. Graha, ed.. Scientific Considerations in Monitoring and Evaluating Toxicological Research, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, D.C., 1981. 

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