Modern Sanitation

What is less obvious but of greater potential volume is the growing use of prepackaged foods. Here the availability of safety and reliability by proper quality control helps to compensate for the skill of the individual cook, whose culinary expertise and sanitation are often impossible to control in a modern, large institution. The prospect of substantial cost reduction and the ability of prepackaged food to fit into schemes of... 

This fungicide has been used in Brazil, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Fernando Po, the West Indies, Philippine Islands, Central American countries, Cameroons, and Nigeria. From Brazil it was recently reported (27) that Bordeaux mixture had only a slight advantage over other compounds. Good results were, however, obtained with Cupro-san in combination with prophylactic measures. From studies conducted in Trinidad, Baker (3) concludes that control of black pod by sanitation and cultural methods is unlikely to be successful, whereas control might be practicable and profitable with spray and modern methods. 

Acceptability of Risk. Although risk has always been part of life, the acceptability of different kinds of risk has varied considerably. For instance, deadly outbreaks of infectious diseases were once a sign of God s displeasure and, therefore, acceptable. However, with the advent of modern public sanitation, vaccines, and other modern technologies, very limited outbreaks, such as that experienced with Legionnaire s Disease, which would have hardly been noticed in the recent past, are now considered national emer-... 

Rome in the first century of the Christian era had a remarkable water supply system administered by a body of officials comparable to the modern Water Board. The chief officer was the Curator Aquarum the supply of water was taken from nine different sources, including springs and lakes from io to 60 miles from the city supplies suitable for potable purposes were kept apart from less pure waters which were used for public fountains, baths and sanitation. Each length of pipe bore raised inscriptions formed by impressions in the sand bed in which the lead sheet was cast. The inscriptions indicated the person authorised to receive the water. 

Human-milk substitutes existed before the modern age of formulas. Because some infants could not be fed by their mothers, humans adopted two methods for substitute feedings. The most obvious was the utilization of a surrogate mother (e.g., wet nurse), who would feed the child human milk. The alternative was to feed the child milk obtained from another mammal. The most frequently used sources were the cow, sheep, and goat (Fomon, 1993). Until the end of the nineteenth century, the use of a wet nurse was by far the safest way to feed infants who could not be breastfed by their mothers. As general sanitation measures improved during the latter part of the nineteenth century, and as differences in composition between human milk and that of other mammals were defined, feeding animal milk became more successful. However few infants survived until infant formulas based on cow milk with added water and carbohydrate were introduced. Box 3-1 lists the main landmarks in the... 

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