Modeling thermometer

Moke end Model for Flow, Temperoture and Pressure Control Valves Hand Voives Thermometers, Steam Traps and Strainers, Electrical ortd other miscellaneous equipment. 

K Make ond Model for Flow, Temperature and Pressure Control Volves, Hand Valves, Thermometers and Steam Traps, Eiectrieol Components and Miscellaneous Equipment. 

Thermal equilibrium, 56 Thermite reaction, 122 Thermometers, 56 Thiosulfate ion, 362 Third-row elements, 101 compounds, 102 physical properties, 102 properties, table, 101 Third row of the periodic table, 364 Thomson, J. J., 244 Thomson model of atom, 244 Thorium... 

An Omega model HH22 type J-K digital thermometer, connected to a type K thermocouple probe inserted directly into the flask, was used to measure the temperature. 

The temperature response of the measurement element shown in Fig. 2.13 is strictly determined by four time constants, describing a) the response of the bulk liquid, b) the response of the thermometer pocket, c) the response of the heat conducting liquid between the wall of the bulb and the wall of the pocket and d) the response of the wall material of the actual thermometer bulb. The time constants c) and d) are usually very small and can be neglected. A realistic model should, however, take into account the thermal capacity of the pocket, which can sometimes be significant. 

The pH (or pI) term of the Nemst equation contains the electrode slope factor as a linear temperature relationship. This means that a pH determination requires the instantaneous input, either manual or automatic, of the prevailing temperature value into the potentiometer. In the manual procedure the temperature compensation knob is previously set on the actual value. In the automatic procedure the adjustment is permanently achieved in direct connection with a temperature probe immersed in the solution close to the indicator electrode the probe usually consists of a Pt or Ni resistance thermometer or a thermistor normally based on an NTC resistor. An interesting development in 1980 was the Orion Model 611 pH meter, in which the pH electrode itself is used to sense the solution temperature (see below). 

For conductimetric incremental titrations, large rugged analogue conductivity meters have also become available, e.g., the Metrohm 518 conductometer (in connection with the Model 536 potentiograph its yields a rapid recording of the curve together with end-point indication) and the Philips PW 9505 analogue conductivity meter (in addition to a recorder output and an output for electrode re-platinization, there is a choice of manual or, by use of a Pt 100 resistance thermometer, automatic temperature compensation). 

Shortly after interruption of vacuum distillation from an oil-bath at 115°C to change a thermometer, the ester exploded violently and this was attributed to overheating [1], A commercial sample of undetermined age exploded violently just after vacuum distillation had begun [2], In an examination of thermal explosion behaviour, the title compound was used as a model compound in autoclave... 

The submitters recommend calibrating the thermometer to ca. -78°C when immersed in a dry ice-acetone bath. The thermometer used for these runs (Catalog Z11,011-6) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. Three different thermometers (two Fisher 15-035 and one Ertco X7048) were found that read from -86°C to -96°C when immersed In a dry ice-acetone bathl The checkers used a digital thermometer, model 450-ATT, purchased from OMEGA Engineering, Inc., Stamford, CT 05907. 

Up to now, in the formulation of a bolometer model, only the heat capacity of itinerant carriers was considered [57], However, our measurements show that, even at 24 mK, the presence of a spurious heat capacity in the thermometer increases the expected value of the pulse rise time. We expect that the spurious contribution in Fig. 12.17 increases down to the temperature of the Schottky peak at T = k.E/khT about 10 mK. Since gc decreases at low temperatures, the total effect on pulse rise time and pulse amplitude can be dramatic at lowest temperatures. In reality, the measured rise time of CUORICINO pulses is about three times longer than that obtained from a model which neglects the spurious heat capacity of the thermistor. For the same reason, also the pulse amplitude is by a factor two smaller than the expected value (see Section 15.3.2). 

A home medical box in the bathroom could be introduced, comprising simple medical tools, such as a wrist blood pressure monitor or a (non-contacting) electronic thermometer, and a stethoscope microphone. Additionally an interactive medical encyclopedia could be accessible, with in depth explanations and animated models. Also a connection to a medical doctor could be integrated with wireless video links. 

Table I describes the resins that were evaluated. Films of the resins were applied to topographic substrates by spin coating from concentrated solutions of the resins in volatile spinning solvents using a Headway Research Model EC101 spin coater. After 2 minutes of spinning the coated substrates were transferred to a hot plate for baking. The temperature of the hotplate was measured with a surface thermometer.

A Teflon-coated thermocouple of the J-type attached to an Omega model 650 digital thermometer can be substituted for the immersion thermometer. 

Electric tube furnaces of appropriate dimensions are available from various manufacturers. A model RO 4/25 by Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, FRG is suitable. However, a very satisfactory furnace can be built by any well equipped laboratory workshop at little cost and effort. The material required consists of thin walled ceramic tubing, 3.5 cm i.d., nichrome resistance wire, heat resistant insulation, and ordinary hardware material. A technical drawing will be provided by the submitters upon request. The temperature of the furnace can be adjusted by an electronic temperature controller using a thermocouple sensor. A 1.5 kW-Variac transformer and any high temperature thermometer would do as well for the budget-minded chemist. 

Accufiber, Inc., Model 100 multi-channel optical fibre thermometer system. Publicity data, Accuft-ber, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon (1989). 

A mixture of 314 g, (1.89 moles) of triethyl phosphitef and 200 g. (1.05 moles) of 1,2-dibromoethane is placed in a two-necked, 500-ml., round-bottomed flask equipped with a thermometer well. The flask is attached to a Nester-Faust 24-in. intermediate-model spinning-band distillation column with a column bore of 8 mm.J The pot temperature is maintained at 145-150°C. After its contents are heated at this temperature for lj-2 hours, ethyl bromide commences to distill. Approximately 130 ml. (180-190 g., 1.6-1.7 moles) of ethyl bromide is collected. After the removal of ethyl bromide is completed, the reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and subsequently fractionated under reduced pressure. The following fractions are obtained ... 

A. Pyrolysis of dioyalopentadiene to form oyolopentadiene. Cyclo-pentadiene is prepared from its dimeric form by distillation according to the method of Moffett. The apparatus for the distillation is assembled as shown in Diagram 1. The equipment consists of a 250-mL flask, a Friedrichs condenser fitted with a Haake Model FE hot water circulator, a Cl aisen head, a thermometer, a gas inlet tube, and a collection receiver which Is cooled to -78 C in a dry ice-acetone bath. 

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