Pulse amplitudes

Another example shows a 4 MHz longitudinal wave probe WSY70-4 normally used for testing of coarse grained austenitic material. In this application a high pulse amplitude is... 

CCF dependences on the -factor of loaded probe vibrators are shown in Fig.4. For s(l) pulses growth of 2 factor increase CCF maximum amplitude and selectivity. In this case the higher the Q, the longer the pulse duration and the more its periods contribute to the processing. F or q(t) pulses rising of g-factor decrease CCF maximum amplitudes and reduce the selectivity. As q(l) pulse consists of a few first periods only its maximum amplitude depends on Q. the higher the Q, the lower the final pulse amplitude, and therefore, CCF amplitude and selectivity. 

Fig.6 shows the pulse shape at lOMHz in each point in Fig 5. As for measurement dB is constant because the material of the incidence of ultrasonic wave. The pulse amplitude has changed according to the thickness of the insert metal. Moreover, the direction of the first part of the pulse waveis different according to the material of the incidence of ultrasonic wave. 

The pulse shape in each point in Fig.7 (a) are shown in Fig.8 respectively. The direction of the intial part of pulse shape and pulse amplitude has changed by the defect position when the defect area s ratio Sr/So is a constant value. 

Pulsed Spray Columns Billerbeck et al. [Jnd. Eng. Chem., 48, 183 (1956)] applied pulsing to a laboratoiy [3.8-cm- (1.5-in-) diameter] column. At pulse amplitude 1.11 cm 6 in), rates of mass transfer improved slightly with increased frequency up to 400 cycies/min, but the effecl was relatively small. Shirotsuka [Kagaku Kogaku, 22, 687 (1958)] provides additional data. There is not believed to be commercial application. 

One of the most interesting results of the zinc ferrite synthesis is the observation that the yield of the product is dependent on the early pressure history. This behavior is shown in Fig. 8.3, which plots the yield versus temperature for baratol explosive loading and for Composition B explosive loading. The difference between these loadings is that the initial pressure pulse amplitude is significantly greater with Composition B. Apparently, the early pressure history has an important conditioning effect for subsequent reactions. 

What is the pulse amplitude (pressure surge) for the various flowrates when the puppet valve travels from 0.2 to 0.5 in. At what position will we have a half-height pulse ... 

Typical Positive Pulse Amplitude Generated at Bottomhole... 

The selection of the pulse amplitude and potential scan rate usually requires a trade-off among sensitivity, resolution, and speed. For example, larger pulse amplitudes result in larger and broader peaks. Pulse amplitudes of 25-50 mV, coupled with a 5 mV s 1 scan rate, are commonly employed. Irreversible redox systems result in lower and broader current peaks (i.e., inferior sensitivity and resolution) compared with those predicted for reversible systems (6). In addition to improvements in sensitivity and resolution, the technique can provide information about the chemical form in which the analyte appears (oxidation states, complexa-tion, etc.). 

FIG. 13 Differential pulse voltammograms for Au electrode modified with el6S-tl9-T12Fc ternary complex (filled circle) and el6S-ml9-T12Fc mismatch complex (open circle). Pulse amplitude, 50 mV pulse width, 50 ms pulse period, 200 ms. Other conditions are the same as those in Fig. 12. 

Figure 1 Electrochemical detection of catechol, acetaminophen, and 4-methyl catechol, demonstrating the selectivity of differential pulse detection vs. constant potential detection. (A) Catechol, (B) acetaminophen, and (C) 4-methylcatechol were separated by reversed phase liquid chromatography and detected by amperometry on a carbon fiber electrode. In the upper trace, a constant potential of +0.6 V was used. In the lower trace, a base potential of +425 mV and a pulse amplitude of +50 mV were used. An Ag/AgCl reference electrode was employed. Note that acetaminophen responds much more strongly than catechol or 4-methylcatechol under the differential pulse conditions, allowing highly selective detection. (Reproduced with permission from St. Claire, III, R. L. and Jorgenson, J. W., J. Chromatogr. Sci. 23, 186, 1985. Preston Publications, A Division of Preston Industries, Inc.)...

Up to now, in the formulation of a bolometer model, only the heat capacity of itinerant carriers was considered [57], However, our measurements show that, even at 24 mK, the presence of a spurious heat capacity in the thermometer increases the expected value of the pulse rise time. We expect that the spurious contribution in Fig. 12.17 increases down to the temperature of the Schottky peak at T = k.E/khT about 10 mK. Since gc decreases at low temperatures, the total effect on pulse rise time and pulse amplitude can be dramatic at lowest temperatures. In reality, the measured rise time of CUORICINO pulses is about three times longer than that obtained from a model which neglects the spurious heat capacity of the thermistor. For the same reason, also the pulse amplitude is by a factor two smaller than the expected value (see Section 15.3.2). 

The two techniques, ENDOR and ESE envelope modulation, supplement each other. ESE envelope modulation seems to be more sensitive in detecting nuclear transitions at very low frequencies but is limited in the frequency range by yeB , where ye denotes the gyromagnetic ratio of the electron and Bj the microwave pulse amplitude. ENDOR, whose sensitivity increases with frequency, suffers on the other hand from the small transition probability at low frequencies. 

The deviation between the time constants for membrane heating and cooling was measured as well (Eq. (3.37)). The heater of a single microhotplate was driven with a rectangular-shape current pulse. The pulse amplitude was adjusted to produce a temperature rise of 50 °C. In this case the measured time constant for cooling was... 

---