Mites chemical

Xenobiotics can affect allergic disease in one of two ways. They can themselves act as antigens and elicit hypersensitivity responses, or they can enhance the development or expression of allergic responses to commonly encountered allergens, such as dust mite. Chemicals that act as allergens include certain proteins that can by themselves induce an immune response and low molecular weight chemicals (known as haptens) that are too small to induce a specific immune response but may react with a protein to induce an immune response that is then hapten specific. Haptens have been associated with both allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), sometimes called contact hypersensitivity... 

Bayer s checkmite (coumaphos) has been given a specific exemption by the EPA to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation for use on beehives to control varroa mites, Chemical Business NewsBase Agricultural Chemical News, May 15, 2001, p. 1. 

Synonyms 2-(p-Butyl phenoxy)-l-methylethyl-2-chloroethylsulfite 2-(p-Butyl phenoxy) isopropyl-2-chloroethyl sulfite Aracide Aramit Aratron Ortho-mite Chemical Structure ... 

Avermectins and Ivermectin. The avermectias are pentacycHc lactones isolated from fermentation products of Streptomjces avermitilis and ivermectin is a semisynthetic chemical, 22,23-dihydroavermectia (46). Ivermectin is effective in very low doses for the control of red spider mites on deciduous fmits, in baits for the control of imported fire ants, and as a parasiticide for Onchocerca volvulus in humans and for catde gmbs. These insecticides appear to function as agonists for the neuroinhibitory transmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (see Antiparasitic agents, avermectins). 

The next major discovery in this field, which was the result of a joint research effort in 1968 between M and T Chemicals, Inc., and the Dow Chemical Company in the United States (475, 524), was that tricyclo-hexyltin hydroxide ("Plictran ) possesses a very high activity against certain types of mites, and this compound was subsequently introduced by Dow as an acaricide for use on apple, pear, and citrus-fruit trees. A second triorganotin acaricide, bis(trineophyltin) oxide ("Vendex or "Torque ), has recently been introduced by Shell Chemical Company (476). Two other tricyclohexyltin compounds are currently under de-... 

The amount of organic acids in honey is less than 0.5%. Organic acids can be used as an important indicator of organoleptic properties like color and flavor and physical and chemical properties such as pH, acidity, and electrical conductivity (Crane, 1990). The organic acids in honey also have antibacterial and antioxidant activities (Gheldof et ah, 2002 Weston et ah, 1998). Organic acids in honey can be used as fermentation indicators, or for the treatment of Varroa mite infestation (Calderone, 2000 Mutinelli et ah, 1997) and discriminating between honeys based on their... 

The complexity of the new insecticidal chemicals brings many other problems. Synthetic organic chemicals are not effective against all pests. There is a marked selectiveness in action even between closely related species of insects. Some insects have already developed resistance to some of the newer materials. The idea of insects developing resistance to certain chemicals is not new. The over-all principle is well established in a few cases. The early development of flies resistant to DDT, a chemical which had been highly and universally effective for fly control, came as a surprise. Other cases of resistance to DDT are being indicated, and at least one kind of mite has developed resistance against another of the newer chemicals—parathion. 

Resistance to organotin acaricides has been reported in several populations of spider mites. After cyhexatin and fenbutatin oxide were used for 10 to 17 years on pears and apples to control mites, populations of McDaniel spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli), two-spotted spider mite (T. urticae), and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) slowly began to develop strains that were resistant to these chemicals (Croft et al. 1987). 

The first indication of the active role of plants in producing volatile chemicals to attract the natural enemies of their herbivorous attackers was found by Dicke, Sabelis, and coworkers (7, 24) in their studies of predatory mites that prey on plant-feeding mites. They found that when herbivorous spider mites feed on lima bean leaves, the plant releases a blend of volatiles that attracts predatory mites. The blend produced differs between plant species and varies depending on the species of spider mite that is attacking the plant. The blends even differ between plant cultivars infested with the same spider mite species, and the predatory mites can detect these differences (25,26). Artificially damaged leaves are not attractive to the predatory mites. 

There are three major categories of filth and extraneous material that constitute contamination potentially hazardous, indicators of insanitation, and aesthetic defects (Zimmerman et al., 2003). Potentially hazardous material includes physical hazards such as hard or sharp objects, chemical hazards such as mites that can cause allergic reactions (Olsen, 1998), or insects that may carry food-borne diseases. Even if insects do not present a health hazard, the presence of insects as foreign matter in food is considered an indication of unsanitary conditions (Zimmerman et al., 2003). The presence of unsanitary conditions can be indicated by the presence of live or dead insects and by intact insects, fragments of insects, or insect products such as... 

The pesticides included in this study were fenvalerate, chlordecone (kepone), chlorothalonil, and chlorpyrifos. Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used, for example, for mites on chickens. Its chemical name is cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl 4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetate. Chlordecone is an insecticide, no longer used, and has a chemical name decachloro-octahydro-l,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta(cd)=pentalen-2-one. Chlorothalonil is fungicide used on tomatoes whose chemical name is 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile. Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide with a chemical name 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)phosphorothioate. Chlorpyrifos is the U. S. Food and Drug Administration chromatographic reference standard since numerous specific detectors (electron capture, flame photometric in both sulfur and phosphorus modes, alkali flame, nitrogen phosphorus, and Hall detectors) are sensitive to it. 

ShimodaT, Ozawa R, Sano K, Yano E, Takabayashi J (2005) The involvement of volatile info-chemicals from spider mites and from food-plants in prey location of the generalist predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus. J Chem Ecol 31 2019-2032... 

Avermectin (Avid ) is a prodnct nsed in commercial crop production. The chemical is produced by bacteria and is used to control leafminers and spider mites. Sodium aluminofluoride or cryolite (Kryocide ) has been used for many years in organic crop production. This product is used to control several types of insects on a wide variety of crops. 

The microorganism was classified as a new species of actinomycete. Streptomyces avermitilis. Its anthelmintic activity was shown to reside in 8 closely related macrocyclic lactones, named avermectins, which were also found to possess activity against free-living and parasitic arthropods. One of the natural components, avermectin is now being evaluated as a pesticide for the control of mites of citrus and cotton crops and control of the Red Imported Fire Ant. A chemical derivative, 22,23-dihydroavermectin or ivermectin, has been developed as an antiparasitic agent. It is being marketed for use in cattle, horses and sheep and is expected to become available for swine and dogs. 

Takada, W., Sakata, T., Shimano, S., Enami, Y., Mori, N., Nishida, R. and Kuva-hara, Y. 2005. Scheloribatid mites as the source of pumiliotoxins in dendrobatid frogs. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31 2403-2415. 

An electrochemical sensor using an array microelectrode was tested for the detection of allergens such as mite and cedar pollen (Okochi et ah, 1999). Blood was used in the assay and the release of serotonin, a chemical mediator of allergic response, which is electrochemically oxidized at the potential around 300 mV, was monitored for electrochemical detection by cyclic voltammetry. 

Acaricide The name of a chemical pesticide used to control spiders, ticks, mites miticide. Accelerant A chemical substance used to initiate or promote fire. Flammable liquids may be referred to as accelerants. 

Seeing chemicals as things that are used for particular purposes opens up the question of whether there are alternative, less risky means of fillfilling those purposes other chemicals or other methods. For example, one can keep dust mites out of duvets by impregnating the cover with a chemical toxic to dust mites or by using a very finely woven material, which in itself presents no risks to human health. If we are at all uncertain about the effects of the toxic chemical, the second method is a great deal less risky than the first. We should therefore substitute the use of the chemical by the use of finely woven material, even if we cannot identify the risks of the chemical to organisms other than dust mites. 

Dicke, M., Schutte, C. and Dijkman, H. (2000). Change in behavioral response to herbivore-induced plant volatiles in a predatory mite population. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26 1497-1514. 

Comparison of cultivars of ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii on production of spider mite-induced volatiles, and their attractiveness to the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27 1355-1372. 

Volatile herbivore-induced terpenoids in plant mite interactions variation caused by biotic and abiotic factors. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20 1329-1354. 

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