Miscellaneous Organic Materials

Solvent Degreasing. Contaminants consist of oils and grease of various types, waxes, and miscellaneous organic materials. These contaminants can be removed by appropriate organic solvents, either by dipping the workpieces in the solvent or by vapor decreasing. 

The fourth group of papers (Chapters 25-28) describes pyrolyses of various compounds that are present in coal-derived liquids, oil shale, waste products, and miscellaneous organic materials. This particular type of pyrolysis will certainly increase in importance in the future, and the results of this section indicate that a good foundation is being established. 

Determination of Auxiliary Products. In addition to more conventional petroleum products, petroleum companies today are concerned with miscellaneous organic and inorganic materials either as auxiliary products of their own manufacture or... 

Table 8.1. Determination of miscellaneous organic compounds in plant material (from author s own files)... 

Modified fiber-optic-based sensors can be used for sensing pollutants, explosives, drugs, pharmaceuticals, and miscellaneous organics (Yeh et al. 2006). Optical fibers coated with porous silica can be used to detect the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Alternatively, these compounds can also be detected using fiber-optic-coupled surface plasmon resonance methods. Aromatic compounds were detected by evanescent wave absorption spectroscopy. Suitably modified fiber-optic array tips can be used to detect presence of explosive materials (Wolfbeis 2000). 

In addition to ammonia, coal gas contains small quantities of miscellaneous compounds that may be removed for their own value or to improve the gas product among the more common of these are pyridine bases and hydrogen cyanide. The former are nitrogen-containing organic materials... 

The Department of Transportation (DOT) defines the term hazardous materials (or hazmat) as materials capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property, when transported in commerce. Each person who offers a material for transport must determine whether the material is hazardous. That is, the person must determine whether it is identified as an explosive, gas, flammable or combustible liquid, flammable solid, oxidizer or organic peroxide, poison, radioactive material, corrosive, or miscellaneous hazardous material. 

Miscellaneous. Hydrochloric acid is used for the recovery of semiprecious metals from used catalysts, as a catalyst in synthesis, for catalyst regeneration (see Catalysts, regeneration), and for pH control (see Hydrogen-ION activity), regeneration of ion-exchange (qv) resins used in wastewater treatment, electric utiUties, and for neutralization of alkaline products or waste materials. In addition, hydrochloric acid is also utilized in many production processes for organic and inorganic chemicals. 

Since the publication of the third edition, additional data have been critically reviewed. New or additional data included in this edition are bioconcentration factors, aquatic mammalian toxicity values, degradation rates, corresponding half-lives in various environmental compartments, ionization potentials, aqueous solubility of miscellaneous compounds, Henry s law constants, biological, chemical, and theoretical oxygen demand values for various organic compounds. Five additional tables have been added Test Method Number Index, Dielectric Values of Earth Materials and Fluids, Lowest Odor Threshold Concentrations of Organic Compoimds in Water, and Lowest Threshold Concentrations of Organic Compounds in Water. 

Fluorine Miscellaneous materials, 4304 Magnesium perchlorate Cellulose, etc., 4078 /V-Meth yI morpholine oxide, 1991 Nitric acid Cellulose, 4430 Perchloric acid Cellulose and derivatives, 3992 Perchloric acid Hydrofluoric acid, Structural materials, 3992 Potassium chlorate Cellulose, 4011 Potassium nitrate Cellulose, 4645 Sodium chlorate Paper, etc., or Wood, 4033 Sodium nitrate Fibrous material, 4716 Sodium nitrite Wood, 4715 Sodium peroxide Fibrous materials, 4797 Zinc permanganate Cellulose, 4705 BLEACHING POWDER Wood perchlorates Organic matter See SUGARS... 

The two most common coal analyses are the proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. In addition, there are a number of miscellaneous analyses. Many of these tests are empirical, requiring strict adherence to specified conditions. In the United States, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standardizes these methods. International standards are developed by the International Organization for Standardization. 

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