Cellulose nitric acid

Perchloric acid Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, alcohols, antimony compounds, azo pigments, bismuth and its alloys, methanol, carbonaceous materials, carbon tetrachloride, cellulose, dehydrating agents, diethyl ether, glycols and glycolethers, HCl, HI, hypophosphites, ketones, nitric acid, pyridine, steel, sulfoxides, sulfuric acid... 

Cellulose nitrate also has widespread use as an adhesive and coating material. Whereas stabilizers are added to products, eg, sodium carbonate as a neutralizer, many conservators are hesitant to use cellulose nitrate materials because of the inherent instabiUty and the dangers to the object from nitric acid, formed when the nitric oxide combines with moisture. 

CN is the oldest and most important inorganic ester of cellulose. It is a white, ododess, and tasteless substance. It has found uses in plastics, lacquers, and explosives. CN is manufactured by treating cellulose with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid and water. The amount of water determines the DS attained (11,48,49). 

Nitrating cellulose with pure HNO is the simplest method of obtaining CN. In practice, nitration does not occur with acid concentrations below 75%. At acid concentrations <75%, an unstable compound (so called Knecht compound) is formed which has been described as a molecular complex or an oxonium salt of the nitric acid (72). HNO concentrations of 75—85% yield CN with 5—8% N, which dissolve in excess acid. CN with % N of 8—10% are formed at acid concentrations of 85—89%. Above 89%, a heterogeneous nitration occurs without apparent swelling of the cellulose fibers. CN with 13.3% N can be obtained with 100% HNO. Addition of inorganic salts to 100% HNO can raise the % N to 13.9. 

The rubber polyisoprene is a natural polymer. So, too, are cellulose and lignin, the main components of wood and straw, and so are proteins like wool or silk. We use cellulose in vast quantities as paper and (by treating it with nitric acid) we make celluloid and cellophane out of it. But the vast surplus of lignin left from wood processing, or available in straw, cannot be processed to give a useful polymer. If it could, it... 

The austenitic steels are extensively used for nitrating cellulose, owing to their good resistance to many sulphuric-nitric acid mixtures. 

Nitric acid readily attacks lead if dilute and the metal should not be used for handling nitrate or nitrite radicals except at extreme dilutions and preferably with a passivating reagent such as a sulphate, which will confer some protection. An example of this is the wash water from cellulose nitrate units. Corrosion decreases to a minimum at 65-70 Vo HNO3 and lead has been used for storage of nitric acid in the cold at this concentration . Resistance to a mixture of 98-85 Vo HjSO and nitric acid of 1 -50-1 -52 S.G. can be excellent °. ... 

In 1833 Braconnot obtained nitric esters of cellulose and starch by acting with nitric acid on plant fibres and starch, at low temperature. 

Esterification with nitric acid includes the industrially important reactions with glycerol to form glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin), and with cellulose to form cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose)... 

Oxalic acid was formerly manufd by fusion of cellulose matter, eg sawdust, with Na hydroxide or by oxidation with nitric acid. It is now made by passing CO into coned Na hydroxide or by heating Na formate in the presence of Na hydroxide or Na carbonate (Refs 1 2)... 

Cellulose may be converted to the highly flammable nitrate ester on contact with the vapour of nitric acid, as well as by the liquid acid. 

The first of the thermoplastic synthetic polymers to be developed was celluloid, made by combining nitrated cellulose (pure cotton subjected to nitric acid) and camphor (C10H16O), a plasticizer. The motivation was a search for a replacement for the ivory used in making billiard balls. It became a commercial product circa 1865, and is still used for making ping-pong balls. 

Morris [814] separated microgram amounts of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc from 800 ml of seawater by precipitation with ammonium tetramethylenedithiocarbamate, and extraction of the chelates at pH 2.5 with methylisobutyl ketone. Solvent was removed from the extract, the residue was dissolved in 25% nitric acid, and the inorganic residue was dispersed in powdered cellulose. The mixture was pressed into a pellet for X-ray fluorescence measurements. The detection limit was 0.14 pig or better when a 10 min counting period was used. 

Dinitrobenzenes Dinitrotoluenes 1,4-Dioxane Esters Ethylamine Ethers Ethylene Nitric acid Nitric acid Silver perchlorate Nitrates Cellulose, oxidizers Oxidizing materials, boron triiodide Aluminum trichloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, tetrafluo-roethylene... 

One of the earlier methods was to treat cellulose with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to obtain xanthate esters which could be dispersed in water and cast into sheets or spun into fibers. Subsequent treatment with acid decomposed the xanthates and gave regenerated cellulose, either in fiber or film form. The fibers were called viscose rayon and the films were named cellophane. Cellophane is still used as a wrapping film and some of it is still manufactured by the xanthate process. By treatment with nitric acid, cellulose was converted to a trinitric acid ester, which could be cast into units which were satisfactory for making gun cotton for a smokeless powder for either artillery shells or shotgun ammunition. It was quite insoluble but it could be converted to a jelly-like mass, which could be shaped into a desired form for ammunition use. Under milder conditions, a lower nitrate... 

Earthquakes provide the ultimate test of the storage of incompatible chemicals and are sometimes followed by fires in chemical stores. Very few causes of ignition are found alkali metals halogen oxysalts in conjunction with strong acids and sulphuric or nitric acid and cellulose (wood flooring). These usually then ignite vapours of flammable solvents. 

See DUST EXPLOSION INCIDENTS (reference 15) See Calcium oxide Water (reference 3) Potassium chlorate Fabric, 4017 Nitric acid Cellulose, 4436 Hydrogen peroxide Acetic acid, Jute, 4477 See also COTTON... 

Natural fibers go back to prehistoric days. Probably one of the early applications was the conversion of a fiber (possibly wool or cellulose) into thread or rope strong enough to be used in a snare, net, or cage. Literature as far back as the 17th century notes that people attempted to make fibers out of something other than cotton, wool, or flax. The first man-made fiber, known as artificial silk, was made in the 19 th century, when wood pulp was treated with nitric acid. The result was known chemically as cellulose nitrate and (eventually) commercially as Rayon. The commercial name referred to the sheen that has the brilliance of the sun. ... 

Nitric acid is formed during these reactions and in some cases the addition of sodium fluoride as a base can be advantageous. This is the case with higher carbohydrates like cellulose and... 

NC is an energetic nitropolymer consisting of a hydrocarbon structure with -O-NO2 bonds as oxidizer fragments. In general, NC is produced from the cellulose, C6H702(0H)3 j of cotton or wood, which is nitrated using nitric acid (HNO3) to introduce -O-NO2 bonds into its structure. 

---