Miscellaneous effects

The objective of the study [36] was to examine the cardioprotective effect of resveratrol in the rat after ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). The left main coronary artery was occluded for 30 or 5 min followed by a 30-min reperfusion in anesthetized rats. Animals were preinfused with and without resveratrol before occlusion, and the severity of ischemia- and I-R-induced arrhythmias and mortality was compared. Resveratrol pretreatment had any effect neither on ischemia-induced arrhythmias nor on mortality. In contrast, a dramatic protective effect was observed against I-R-induced arrhythmias and mortaUty. Resveratrol pretreatment reduced both the 

To elucidate the role of a high-fat diet on vascular dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis in the absence of overt obesity and hyperlipidemia, normal female rats were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks [37]. This was associated with a modest increase in the body weight and a normal plasma lipid profile. In rats fed a high-fat diet, systolic (171 7mmHg) and diastolic blood pressures (109 3) increased compared to a standard diet (systolic blood pressure, 134 8 diastolic blood pressure, 

96 5 mmHg), and the acetylcholine-dependent relaxation of isolated aortic rings significantly reduced. Perivascular fibrosis was detected in the heart of rats fed a high-fat diet. The exogenous addition of resveratrol (trans-3,5,4 -trihydroxystilbene) 

The aim of the research [44] was to study the sulfation of resveratrol in the human liver and duodenum A simple and reproducible radiometric assay for resveratrol sulfation was developed. It employed 3 -phosphoadenosine-5 -phosphosulfate-[35S] 

Sangwan and Schneider have studied the effect of cyclodextrins on a number of aqueous Diels-Alder reactions between acrylate, fumarate and maleate derivatives of varying hydrophobicities and (mainly) cyclopenta-diene [26]. No simple correlation between substrate hydrophobicity and cyclodextrin-catalyzed rate enhancement was found. However, those systems that did respond to p-cyclodextrin catalysis exhibited enzyme-like saturation kinetics. This led these workers to conclude that the hydrophobic effect can, in fact, be counterproductive to the Diels-Alder reaction if it leads to unproductive orientation of the reactants. The same can be said about the effect of amphiphiles (detergents capable of micellization) on aqueous Diels-Alder reactions since sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) decelerated the reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate. Those cases in the literature claiming micellar catalysis of the aqueous Diels-Alder reaction may simply be benefiting from the solubilizing effect of the amphiphilic additives rather than any bona fide preorganization of the reactants within a micelle [27,28]. 

Otto and Engberts recently reported catalysis of the Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene (2.1) and the enone 2.48 by Lewis acids in water [29]  

the reaction in aqueous Cu(N03)2 solution proceeded about 800 times faster than in water alone and 250000 times faster than in acetonitrile. This Lewis-acid-catalyzed aqueous Diels-Alder reaction presumably occurs via a transition state such as 2.50 with bidentate complexation to the metal as shown. In a related study, Kobayashi reported that scandium triflate can be used as a water-tolerant Lewis-acid catalyst for a Diels-Alder reaction in (9 1) tetrahydrofuran-water (THF-H2O) [30], though this mixed solvent system cannot take advantage of the hydrophobic effect observed in pure water or highly aqueous mixtures. 

---

Miscellaneous Effects. Depending on individual design characteristics, there are other miscellaneous effects to consider in the determination of the final sizing of a heat exchanger. These include effects of flow maldistribution of both the sheUside and tubeside fluids, stagnant or inactive regions in the tube bundle, and inactive length of the tube in tubesheets. These effects should be individuaUy assessed and appropriate additional areas should be provided. 

Miscellaneous effects. Decoction of the dried seed, administered orally to 171 healthy nonsmoking adults of both sexes over the age of 50 years, indicated that coffee may decrease postprandial falls in SBP and can increase DBF in untreated hypertensives . 

Miscellaneous effects (affects only susceptible crops)... 

Miscellaneous effects. Gastric secretion is increased by caffeine given as coffee (by decaffeinated coffee too) more than by caffeine alone, and the basal metabolic rate may increase slightly (see Skeletal muscle, above). 

Toxicity Behavioral effects include restlessness, agitation, insomnia, confusion, hallucinations, and acute toxic psychosis. Dermatologic reactions include livedo reticularis. Miscellaneous effects may include gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary retention, and postural hypotension. Amantadine also causes peripheral edema that responds to diuretics. 

---