Minerals density and

CF patients with low bone mineral density and low serum vitamin D levels may improve bone health through supplemental vitamin D analogs beyond those found in standard CF vitamins. The optimal dose and analog have not been determined. For ergocalciferol, a minimum of 400 IU and 800 IU... 

Routine monitoring of fasting lipid profile, bone mineral density, and body composition in children is not typically required during GH replacement but should be done before and after discontinuation of therapy.35... 

The prolonged suppression of estrogen in pre-menopausal women with hyperprolactinemia leads to decreases in bone mineral density and significant risk for the development of osteoporosis. 

O The most important risk factors for fracture are low bone mineral density and a personal history of adult fracture. 

Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increases bone mineral density, and the combination decreases the risk of hip and vertebral fractures. Additionally, vitamin D supplementation decreases nonvertebral fractures in older men and women living independently.11 Because of the effects of calcium on... 

Raloxifene increases bone mineral density and reduces fracture rates. In trials of 1 to 3 years, raloxifene increased vertebral and hip bone mineral density by 2% to 3% and 1% to 2%, respectively.30 32 In the Multiple Outcomes for Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial, raloxifene decreased the risk of vertebral fractures by 30% in postmenopausal with at least one prior fracture.30 No significant reduction in nonvertebral fractures was reported. 

Perhaps the most benefit of calcitonin is in patients with or at risk for vertebral fractures. Nasal calcitonin increases vertebral bone mineral density by 1% to 3%.38-40 One 5-year study found a 30% decrease in the risk of vertebral fractures.38 Increases in hip bone mineral density and reductions in non-vertebral fractures have not been demonstrated.38-40 Calcitonin may have analgesic effects in women with back pain from vertebral fractures.41 However, enthusiasm for using calcitonin in this setting has waned in favor of managing fracture risk and pain separately.10... 

Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary calcium excretion and may decrease bone turnover. However, their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rates have not been studied in controlled trials. Thiazide diuretics are not recommended solely for potential beneficial effects in osteoporosis. 

Osteoporosis affects some 75 million people in Europe, Japan and the USA combined. The condition is characterized by progressive thinning of the bones, leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fracture. Treatment with Forsteo increases bone mineral density and generally entails daily s.c. injection for several months at dosage levels of 20 pg active/dose. 

Ammann P, Bourrin S, Bonjour J-P, Brunner F, Meyer J-M, Rizzoli R (1999) The new selective estrogen receptor modulator MDL 103, 323 increases bone mineral density and bone strength in adult ovariectomized rats. Osteoporos Int 10 369-376... 

Bourrin S, Ammann P, Bonjour J-P, Rizzoli R (2002) Recovery of proximal tibia bone mineral density and strength but not cancellous bone architecture, after longterm bisphosphonate or selective estrogen receptor modulator in aged rats. Bone 30 195-200... 

Sarkar S, Mitlack B, Wong M, Stock JL, Black DM, Harper K (2002) Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy. J Bone Miner Res 17 1-10... 

Recently, a Japanese research group published preclinical safety and efficacy data of an oral antiestrogen (TZE-5323) (Saito et al. 2003). This drug has been shown to have a strong affinity for human ERa and ER/i and a dose-dependent capacity to inhibit estradiol-stimulated transcriptional activation (Saito et al. 2003). In the experimental endometriosis model in rats, TZE-5323 dose-dependently reduced the volume of the endometrial implant with an effectiveness similar to that of danazol and leuprorelin acetate without causing significant changes in bone mineral density and in serum estradiol levels (Saito et al. 2003). 

Cauley J, Lucas FL, Kuller LH et al. (1996) Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Med Assoc 276 1404-1408... 

Three cohort studies have been performed, one in European women, and two in oriental women eating a traditional soy-based diet. The study in European women, performed by Kardinaal et al. (1998), failed to show a correlation between change in forearm bone mineral density and urinary excretion of isoflavonoids. Excretion of enterolactone, a marker of intake of grain and berries, was found to correlate positively with bone mineral density. This may be explained with the difficulty of correlating bone mineral density -a multifactorial variable, influenced by diet only on long-term basis - with excretion of phytoestrogens that only quantify the last 24 to 48 hours of phytoestrogen intake. 

Donath, J., Speer, G., Poor, G., Gergely, P., Tabak, A., and Lakatos, P. (2004) Vitamin D receptor, oestrogen receptor-alpha and calcium-sensing receptor genotypes, bone mineral density and biochemical markers in Paget s disease of bone. Rheumatology. 43, 692-695. 

Yoshihara, A., Seida, Y., Hanada, N., Nakashima, K., and Miyazaki, H. (2005). The relationship between bone mineral density and the number of remaining teeth in community dwelling older adults. /. Oral Rehab. 32, 735-740. 

High daily doses of retinoids can lead to hyper-vitaminosis A manifesting itself as dermal toxicity such as erythematous dermatitis, bone pains, neurological symptoms and hepatosplenomegaly. A recent study shows a correlation between low bone mineral density and too high intake of vitamin A. 

Shown to preserve bone mass, increase bone mineral density, and reduce fracture rate relative to calcium alone... 

Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B, Piaggesi L, Genazzani AR. Effects on combined low dose of the isoflavone derivative ipriflavone and estrogen replacement on bone mineral density and metabolism in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 28, 75-81, 1997. 

Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Grobbee DE et al. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 292, 65-74, 2004. 

In addition, gelatin peptides have shown to accelerate absorption of dietary calcium in animal models increasing calcium bioavailability (Kim et al., 1998). Jung et al. (2006) reported that fish bone peptides (FBP) could inhibit the formation of insoluble Ca salts in neutral pFI. During the experimental period, Ca retention was increased and loss of bone mineral was decreased by FBP II supplementation in ovariectomized rats. The levels of femoral total Ca, bone mineral density, and strength were also significantly increased by the FBP diet to levels similar to those of the casein phosphopeptide diet group. 

Richy F, Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Reginster JY. Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate. Osteoporos Int 2004 15 301-10. 

While biochemical markers of bone metabolism may be sensitive to the effects of glucocorticoids in the short term, the relation between changes in these markers and intermediate measures, such as bone mineral density, and the more important clinical outcomes of fractures, is unknown. In a random stratified sample of 3222 women in the perimenopausal age range (47-56 years), including 119 women with asthma, bone mineral density was measured to determine whether asthma was a risk factor of osteoporosis and to investigate the effect of inhaled glucocorticoids (102). The subjects had predominantly adult-onset asthma, as the age at diagnosis was over 40 years. There were 26 patients who were treated mainly with... 

Ebeling PR, Erbas B, Hopper JL, Wark JD, Rubinfeld AR. Bone mineral density and bone turnover in asthmatics treated with long-term inhaled or oral glucocorticoids. J Bone Miner Res 1998 13(8) 1283-9. 

Aromatase inhibitors increase bone turnover by near complete estrogen depletion, leading to reduced bone mineral density and an increased risk of fractures. Bisphosphonates plus calcium and vitamin D supplementation mitigate this (26). In an open, multicenter, randomized study in 602 women with early-stage breast cancer taking letrozole 2.5 mg/day, zoledronic acid 4 mg every 6 months prevented bone loss (27). 

Fortney JA, Feldblum PJ, Talmage RV, Zhang J, Godwin SE. Bone mineral density and history of oral contraceptive use. J Reprod Med 1994 39(2) 105-9. 

Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM, Louvet JP. Bone mineral density and thyroid hormone therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990 33(2) 143-53. 

Kurland ES, Cosman F, McMahon DJ, Rosen CJ, Lindsay R, Bilezikian JP. Parathyroid hormone as a therapy for idiopathic osteoporosis in men effects on bone mineral density and bone markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85(9) 3069-76. 

Cam G, Roller DL, Peacock M, Hui SL, Evans WE, Conneally PM, Johnston CC Jr, Foroud T, Econs MJ. 2002. Sibling pair linkage and association studies between peak bone mineral density and the gene locus for the osteoclast-specific subunit of the vacuolar proton pump on chromosome 1 lpl2—13. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 3819—24. 

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