Minerals availability

When freshly mixed, the carboxyHc acid groups convert to carboxjiates, which seems to signify chemical adhesion mainly via the calcium of the hydroxyapatite phase of tooth stmcture (32,34—39). The adhesion to dentin is reduced because there is less mineral available in this substrate, but bonding can be enhanced by the use of minerali2ing solutions (35—38). Polycarboxylate cement also adheres to stainless steel and clean alloys based on multivalent metals, but not to dental porcelain, resin-based materials, or gold alloys (28,40). It has been shown that basic calcium phosphate powders, eg, tetracalcium phosphate [1306-01-0], Ca4(P0 20, can be substituted for 2inc oxide to form strong, hydrolytically stable cements from aqueous solution of polyacids (41,42). 

The most important control on the chemistry of drainage from mineralized areas (once we assume access of oxygen to the sulfide minerals) is the nature of the nonsulfide minerals available to react with the drainage before it discharges to the surface (e.g., Sherlock et al., 1995). These minerals include gangue minerals in the ore, the minerals making up the country rock, and the minerals found in mine dumps. The drainage chemistry of areas in which these minerals have the ability to neutralize acid differs sharply from that of areas in which they do not. 

To evaluate the mineralization (availability) of compost N ratio to estimate the amount available for plants over a certain period several experimental and calculation methods are possible (Amlinger et al. 2003) ... 

Little agreement has been reached as to which dietary components or which food processes physiologially affect mineral availability. Many plant foods contain phytic acid, oxalic acid or other dietary fiber components that can be shown to chelate minerals. The effect of these dietary substances upon the final bioavailability of the mineral in question will depend upon the digestibility of the chelate (106). 

Antony, U. and Chandra, T. S. (1998). Anti nutrient reduction and enhancement in protein, starch and mineral availability in fermented flour of finger millet (Eleucine coracana).. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 2578-2582. 

Zellars-Williams, Inc., Evaluation of the Phosphate Deposits of Florida Using The Minerals Availability System, Final Report submitted to the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines, June 1978. 

Some of the Important methodological Issues that should be considered when stable Isotopes and the Isotope balance method are to be used for measurement of dietary mineral availability are ... 

Often overlooked in the evaluation of the effects of diet upon mineral availability is the role that food processing plays in the formation of or breaking of ligand-metal complexes. Several individual or unit processing steps are needed to produce a soy concentrate, a bread or a spray-dried egg white. Some or all steps may have a bearing upon final mineral bioavailability. Soy concentrate from company A is not produced in precisely the same manner as from company B. In fact, lot to lot variation for the same product may be quite variable, particularly in mineral content. 

Rendered animal proteins are especially valuable to the livestock and feed industry because of their high protein content, digestible amino acid levels (especially lysine), mineral availability (especially calcium and phosphorous), and relatively low cost in relation to their nutrient value. They have few close substitutes in most rations, although specific feeding characteristics of animal products can be... 

Another atomic mineral available is beryl ore from which beryllium is produced. Reserves of this mineral are located mainly in Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Mysore and are large enough to meet India s requirements for beryllium. 

Note The calculation assumes that mining will proceed no deeper than 10 km below the surface, and that 0.001% of all the metal in the continental crust is present in minerals available to mining and concentration. (The minerals may not be located in deposits rich enough to be considered ore by present standards). The calculation includes that part of the continental crust that lies beneath the continental shelf. 

The lignite type ashes have comparatively low fouling propensity when the sodium content is below 4 per cent because of the limited amount of clay minerals available for sintering reaction. That is, in some lignite and sub-bituminous coals there is an excess of sodium and calcium available for the high temperature reactions, and the rate of deposit formation depends on the silicate content of ash (2,29). The bituminous coal type ash has an excess of silicates, i.e. the ash is pyrochemically acidic and the rate of sintering depends on the availability of sodium, calcium and iron species in the flame heated deposit material. 

With all these minerals available, it is not difficult to understand how the ocean can support some 8,000 species of plants and 200,000 species of animals. 

Alternatively, at point E, if quartz does not precipitate, the solution composition could continue from E to G, where K-feldspar would also become stable, but this time in a solution oversaturated with quartz. It would coexist metastably with muscovite and kaolinite, rather than stably with muscovite and quartz. In nature, quartz quite often does not precipitate at low temperatures, and in computer calculations that simulate equilibrium, it can be prevented from precipitating by removing it from the list of minerals available to the program. 

Reduces trace mineral availability Allergic reaction to protein Negative connotation for pet owners... 

In the rice paddies of Japan, according to King, the soil was usually plowed to a depth of 3.5-4.5 inches but in China it was worked deep and often — much of it by hand labor. Apparently extreme efforts were made in China to maintain a soil- or dust-mulch, except, of course, where rice was grown. One can not help but wonder how such a laborious practice could have been followed over the centuries if it is without merit, as has been shown by scientists in recent years. Certainly it has some merit with respect to weed control, mineral availability, and soil aeration, if not for moisture conservation. 

Phytic Acid. Recent reviews (67,68,69) summarized the literature covering the relationship between phytic acid and mineral bioavailability in soy protein products. The formation of phytate-proteln-mineral complexes (particularly zinc chelates in flours, concentrates, and Isolates prepared from mature soybeans) may be responsible for reduced mineral availability. However, the iron in Fe-labeled mature soybeans is more available to iron-deficient rats than the iron in green-immature soybeans, even though mature soybeans contain three times more phytic acid (70). The factor(s) responsible for this difference in bioavallablllty has not been identified. 

Torre M, Rodriguez AR, Saura-Calixto F. 1991. Effects of dietary fiber and phytic acid on mineral availability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 30(2) 1-22. 

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