Mineral recommended daily allowances

The figure comes from a series of reports issued by the Institute of Medicine over the past decade. The experts who authored these reports revisited the question of recommended daily allowances and other measures of nutrient adequacy, and made recommendations regarding macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils) and for micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). The Institute has had a long history of developing recommended intake levels, but in the recent... 

If vitamins and/or minerals are claimed they must be declared both quantitatively and as a percentage of the recommended daily allowance specified in the regulations. 

For vitamin and mineral products with a lower dose than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), the registration dossier requirements are a little less extensive, which makes the registration procedure quicker. 

All constituents of the KD need to be measured precisely to provide the same ratio in each meal. Calories are restricted to about 75-90% ofthe recommended daily allowance for age. All sources of carbohydrate must be accounted for and included in the daily allotment, including calories from medications (carbohydrate-based carriers) and even toothpaste. Appropriate vitamins and minerals are added. Some protocols include restriction of fluid intake to about 60 cm /kg/d (Freeman et al., 1994). The goal is to produce and maintain ketosis, and even minor deviations from the proscribed regimen terminates the ketosis and the antiseizure effect of the KD (Huttenlocher, 1976). Practical details regarding clinical use of the KD may be found in Freeman et al. (1994). 

Cheese is an important dietary source of several minerals, in particular calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Table XV). A 100-g serving of hard cheese provides ca. 800 mg Ca, which represents the Recommended Daily Allowance for most adults (Food and Nutrition Board, 1980). However, acid-coagulated cheeses, e.g.. Cottage, contain considerably lower levels of calcium than rennet-coagulated varieties (Renner, 1987). 

Generally, seaweed contains high ash content indicating appreciable amounts of minerals. Mineral content of seaweed can account for up to 36% of its dry mass and mineral macronutrients include sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus whereas the micronutrients include iodine, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, boron, nickel, and cobalt. Among these minerals, calcium holds 4-7% of dry matter. At 7% calcium, a t) ical daily portion size of seaweed (8 g dry weight) provides 560 mg of calcium which is a considerable amount compared to its recommended daily allowance (800-1000 mg) (Anonymous, 2004). In seaweeds, calcium is available as calcium phosphate, and that is more bioavailable than the form of calcium in milk, which is calcium carbonate. 

Interestingly, seaweed contains considerably high amoimts of iron and copper compared to food sources renowned to contain those minerals such as, meat and spinach (Holland et ah, 1993). In addition, a normal portion size of brown seaweed, which includes species such as Laminaria and Undaria, provides more than 50% of the recommended daily allowance of magnesium. Therefore, seaweed can be used as a food supplement to fulfill most of the important mineral requirements of the body. 

Products and Uses A trace mineral that occurs naturally in whole wheat bread and pastas, Brazil nuts, pork, lamb, and beef The recommended daily allowance is 55 megs. A 1996 study showed that selenium reduced some cancer incidence by 67%. Unfortunately, this was an all-male study. Research still needs to be done in women, on hormone-related cancers. 

A Calcium is the most well-known and abundant mineral in the body. It is an essential part of our bones and teeth, but it also plays a role in muscle, nerve, and blood vessel function. Blood levels of calcium, which represent only 1% of total body calcium (the rest is in our bones), are tightly controlled within a narrow range. Unfortunately, if you don t consume adequate amounts of calcium, your body gets what it needs from your bones, which can lead to a decrease in bone density known as osteoporosis. Bone density peaks at about the age of 30, so it is very important to consume adequate amounts of dietary calcium before age 30 to build up bone to optimal levels, and after age 30 it is important to preserve bone as much as possible. Bone undergoes constant turnover, and so it requires a constant supply of calcium. In addition to its role in reducing the risk of osteoporosis, research suggests that adequate dietary calcium may also decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. The recommended daily allowance (U.S. RDA) of calcium for adults (the amount considered adequate to meet the needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals) is shown in the following table ... 

In small amounts, the fluoride ion (often consumed as NaF) prevents tooth decay. According to the American Dental Association, an adult female should consume 3.0 mg of fluorine per day. Calculate the amount of sodium fluoride (45.24% F) that a woman should consume to get the recommended amount of fluorine. 78. The iodide ion, usually consumed as potassium iodide, is a dietary mineral essential to good nutrition. In countries where potassium iodide is added to salt, iodine deficiency or goiter has been almost completely eliminated. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine is 150 /ig/day. How much potassium iodide (76.45% 1) should you consume to meet the RDA ... 

The Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and mineral elements set in the EU and U.S. are given in Sections 5.0 and 7.0, respectively. According to the European Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006, the enrichment of foods with vitamins and mineral elements is only allowed with approved (listed) vitamins, vitamin formulations, minerals and mineral substances and to a maximum per cent proportion of the reference daily intake. For the majority of vitamins and minerals. Directive 90/496/EEC on nutrition labeUing of foodstuffs applies and defines a significant amount as 15% of the RDA. 

It may be seen from Table B-4 that many of the products, when used in the amounts indicated, contribute from 1/4 to 1/2 of the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) of calcium and phosphorus (the RDA for adults for each of these minerals is 800 mg). This contribution is very important because many people may drink coffee, tea, beer, or other nondairy beverages at their meals. Hence, quick breads may make up for some of the lack of dietary calcium. Nevertheless, it pays for the consumer to read the labels on these products, because there is a wide variation in their calcium contents. For example, tartrate baking powders contain no calcium. 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OF CALCIUM. The National Research Council recommended daily dietary allowances, with provision for individual variation, of calcium are given in the section on MINERAL(S), Table M-25, Mineral Table. 

Nutrition labels list how many calories and how much protein, carbohydrate, and fat are in a sewing of the product. They also list the percentage of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances (U.S. RDAs) of protein and seven important minerals and vitamins that each serving of the product contains. 

The lower part of the nutrition label must give the percentages of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances (U.S. RDA) of protein and seven vitamins and minerals in a serving of the product, in the following order protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, and iron. The listing of 12 other vitamins and minerals, and of cholesterol, fatty acid, and sodium content is optional—for now. Nutrients present at levels less than 2% of the U.S. RDA may be indicated by a zero or an asterisk which refers to the statement, "contains less than 2% of the U.S. RDA of these nutrients."... 

One cup (125 g) of self-rising white wheat flour, which contains monocalcium phosphate as a leavening acid, supplies more than 1/3 of the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for calcium, and more than 1/2 of that for phosphorus. Hence, items baked with this flour may be an important source of these minerals for people who fail to eat sufficient amounts of dairy products. 

Eat an adequate and balanced diet. Proper food provides energy, builds new tissue, repairs worn out tissue, and keeps the body working well. A balanced diet contains adequate proportions of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, along with the recommended daily allowances of the essential minerals and vitamins. 

Hard cheese, such as Cheddar, is one of the most concentrated of common foods 100 g (about 3.5 oz) supplies about 35% of the protein, 80%of the calcium, and 34% of the fat in the recommended daily allowance. Cheese is also a good source of some minerals and vitamins. 

A summary of individual mineral functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, recommended daily allowance, and sources is given in Table M-25, Mineral Table. (Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine are listed in this order, and first, under macrominerals, then the rest of the minerals are listed alphabetically under their respective categories—as macromineral or micromineral.)... 

The Recommended Daily Allowances in Table M-25, Mineral Table, may be used for purposes of comparing the official mineral allowances with the actual mineral intakes of people who may be eating inadequate diets. However, a person who consumes a diet which lacks sufficient amounts of certain minerals may not necessarily have deficiencies of these minerals because (1) individual needs for minerals vary widely (2) other dietary and nondietary factors affect the ways in which minerals are utilized and (3) there may be stores of the minerals in that individual s body, which may be used to offset inadequacies of the diet. Nevertheless, the chances are that a markedly inadequate diet will eventually lead to nutritional deficiencies. 

PORK AS A FOOD. Pork is an important food and a rich source of many essential nutrients. An average 3.5 oz (99.4 g) serving of cooked pork ham provides 37 g of protein (that s 2/ 3 of the recommended daily allowance of protein) and 8.8 g of fat, along with being an excellent source of minerals and vitamins. Its high-quality protein contains all the essential amino acids needed to build, maintain, and repair body tissues. Pork is rich in iron, and the iron is readily used in the formation and maintenance of red blood cells. Also, pork is a major dietary source of the B vitamins, especially thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. Also pork is about 98% digestible. 

Meal Replacements. These products, which are often in the form of beverage powders or sweetened bars, are designed to be consumed with milk, water, or other beverage In lieu of the various mixtures of foods which usually constitute a meal. Federal regulations require that a typical serving of an item designated as a "meal replacement" provide at least 25% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for certain specific nutrients. The macronutrients in these products are provided by various combinations of sugar, nonfat dry milk, soybean derivatives, and peanut butter and/or flour, whereas the required levels of micronutrients are usually met by fortification with selected minerals and vitamins. However, these products usually contain little or no fiber. 

Synthetic ascorbic acid—Pure ascorbic acid is available wherever vitamins are sold, at a cost of as little as 1/2 162 or less per 100 mg (which is more than the recommended daily allowance). It is less expensive than an equivalent amount in natural foods, but natural foods also supply a variety of minerals and other vitamins hence, vitamin C supplements should be used to augment, rather than replace, natural food sources. Also, the satiety derived from eating fresh strawberries is not experienced when swallowing a tablet or a capsule. Nevertheless, the body utilizes synthetic vitamin C as effectively as it does the vitamin C in foods. 

Food composition data are critical for consumers and health care professionals to make choices and recommendations based on the nutrient content of foods. Trace elements contribute significantly to human health with 25 elements identified as being of interest. A review of the nutrients for which recommended daily allowances (RDAs) exist shows that 7 of 19 are minerals (Ca, Fe, I, Mg, P, Se, and Zn). In addition, the National Research Council has established estimated safe and adequate daily dietary inteikes (ESAD-DIs) rather than RDAs for an additional five elements (Cr, Cu, F, Mn, and Mo) and three electrolytes (Cl, K, and Na) have been identified as essential. Ten additional trace elements are considered essential but no human requirement level has been set for them As, Ni, Si, B, Cd, Pb, Li, Sn, V, and Co. The status of fluorine as an essential nutrient has been debated and conflicting data exist but its valuable effects on dental health certainly make it of potential interest. 

Recommended Daily Allowances for Essential Minerals and Vitamins Throughout the Life Cycle... 

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