Iron ore mine

Bastnasite has been identified in various locations on several continents. The largest recognized deposit occurs mixed with monazite and iron ores in a complex mineralization at Baiyunebo in Inner MongoHa, China. The mineral is obtained as a by-product of the iron ore mining. The other commercially viable bastnasite source is the Mountain Pass, California deposit where the average Ln oxide content of the ore is ca 9%. This U.S. deposit is the only resource in the world that is minded solely for its content of cerium and other lanthanides. 

For each unit process, a reference flow may be defined, and the inputs and outputs to the unit process calculated in relation to the reference flow. For instance, the reference flow for mining of iron ore is the mass of iron ore mined per year, and the emissions to the air may be expressed as kg dust per metric ton of ore. 

Jorgensen, H. S., Lung cancer among underground workers in the iron ore mine of Kiruna based on thirty years of observation, Annals. Acad. Med., Singapore, IS (2, Supplement) 371-377, April 1984. 

Iron ore production for the iron and steel industry accounts for more than 99% of the total iron mined. At present, the largest iron ore mine in the world is Mount Whaleback in the Pilbara district of Western Australia. Most of the ore there is in the form of banded iron formations (BIF) and consists of hematite and goethite. 

Villar, J.W. Dawe, G.A. (1975) The Tilden mine - a new processing technique for iron ore. Mining Congress J. 61 40-48 Vins, J. Subrt, J. ZapletafV Hanousek, E. (1987) Preparation and properties of green rust type substances. Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 52 93-102... 

Relatively recently, AIS Sommer GmbH of Germany delivered a laser-induced fluorescence (LIP) analyzer for quality control in minerals and mineral processing (Broicher 2000). The LIP analyzer includes two light detector systems with three photomultipliers each, which evaluate three spectral bands in two time windows each. It was done in the Kiruna phosphorous iron ore mine, Sweden. The limitation of LIP analysis is that its accuracy depends on the complexity of the composition of the ore and the concentration and fluorescence properties of the critical minerals in relation to all the other minerals present. The phosphorous iron ore in Kiruna is ideal for LIP analyzes, because its iron minerals are practically non-luminescent, while magmatic apatite is strongly fluorescent with intensive emissions of Ce and Eu ". ... 

In 1803 Klaproth and independently Berzelius found at an abandoned iron ore mine at Bcustnas, likewise in Sweden, a mineral v ch received the name B2istnasite. In this mineral the researchers found new eeurths v ch they named "ochroite ecu hs" because upon heating of the mineral a yellow substance resulted. They gave the assumed metal the name cerium after the small planet Ceres. 

CA 65, 563(1966) (Introduction of AN-FO expls in cartridge form at the Gonzen iron ore mine, Sargans, to replace conventional blasting expls, resulted in improved output and reduced costs)... 

Pipes, Launders and Chutes in an Iron Ore Mining Project in Karnataka, India installed by M/s. Canadian Metchem, Canada... 

USP 1355203(1920) CA 15, 177(1921) (Desensitized K chlorate suitable for use in expl compns can be prepd by crystn from an aq soln of chlorate and sulfonated derivs of California pertoleum) D)B.Miihlefeld, SS 16, 113-15(1921) CA 16, 496(1922)(Description of chlorate expls used in Germany for blasting rocks of medium hardness and in potash, rock salt iron ore mining) E)E.Spitalsky E. Krause, SS 20, 103-7, 119-23 133-5(1925)... 

In Table 8, the DBA-3 Slurry was sensitized by Comp B, and the DBA-2 Slurry by TNT. Why DBA-3 produces a much higher concn of oxides of N is not clear to this writer. This effect was confirmed in later series of shots in an iron ore mine, where DBA-3 again produced undesirably high levels of NO and N02... 

Jang, M., Hwang, J.S. and Choi, S.I. (2007b) Sequential soil washing techniques using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for remediating arsenic-contaminated soils in abandoned iron-ore mines. Chemosphere, 66(1), 8-17. 

Nolan RP, Langer AM, Wilson R. 1999. A risk assessment for exposure to grunerite asbestos (amosite) in an iron ore mine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 3412-3419. 

Bastnasite is mined from hard rock deposits. Production in China is a by-product of iron ore mining while U.S, production is solely for rare-earths. Ore is recovered by drilling and blasting. The ore Is crushed, ground and subjected to flotation. The bastnasite fraction is floated off and thereby seperated from other minerals to produce a concentrate. Bastnasite can be converted directly, without separating individual rare-earths, to other derivatives such as sulphate or chloride by dissolution in acid. The following step to crack the concentrate for further processing used in the U.S. is to roast in air and then to leach with HCl. This produces an insoluble cerium rich... 

Most retinoid reductions have been reported in response to organic contaminants, but other pollutants may affect storage levels. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) inhabiting an area contaminated with iron-ore mine tailings had hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate levels reduced by approximately 95%80. These fish also exhibited oxidative damage, providing indirect evidence that the loss of retinoid stores may be related to increased oxidative stress. 

Little is known of the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals deplete retinoid stores. In many field studies there is evidence of increased activity of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, and both are thought to directly metabolize retinoids. P450 enzymes also produce oxyradicals causing oxidative stress34,72,73, which may lead to retinoid use as antioxidants. There was evidence of oxidative stress and retinoid depletion in lake trout inhabiting an area contaminated with iron-ore mine tailings80, yet it is unlikely that this exposure would be associated with induction of phase I or II biotransformation enzymes. 

Payne, J., D. Malins, S. Gunselman, A. Rahimtula and P. Yeats. DNA oxidative damage and vitamin A reductions in fish from a large lake system in Labrador, Newfoundland, contaminated with iron-ore mine tailings. Mar. Environ. Res. 46 289-294, 1998. 

A typical recipe for iron ore slurry in water at an ambient temperature in the concentrated plant of an iron ore mine is given below ... 

Pipes, Launders and Chutes in an Iron Ore Mining Project... 

Thus, iron contamination of soils has protective effects, and effluents from iron ore mines are traditionally viewed by regulatory bodies as posing little risk to the environment. However, high iron levels in contaminated lakes caused marked skin bleaching in trout this effect was associated with increased DNA oxidative damage and depleted vitamin A levels (Payne et al. 

Payne JF, French B, Hamoutene D, Yeats P, Rahimtuia a, Sceuton D and Andeews C (2001) Are metal mining effluent regulations adequate identification of a novel bleached fish syndrome in association with iron-ore mining effluents in Labrador, Newfoundland. Aqua Toxicol 52 311-317. 

To obtain realistic evaluation about the effect of XJ-1 liquid high-power explosives, blasting experiments have been conducted in open iron ore mining fields and underground construction sites. Specifically, total 39 blasting has been performed to afford 339 deep holes, which consumed 188 tons of explosives and covered more than 100 million tons of ores and rocks. This result clearly indicated that XJ-1 explosives possess excellent blasting properties as well as pronounced economic advantages. 

We are currently working with ABB Vasteras on the design of friction arresting devices to be used in the shaft of the iron ore mine in Kiruna (Sweden). 

Luossavaara Kiirunavaara AB (LKAB) is a Swedish mining company that runs two large underground iron ore mines and one open pit mine, located above the Arctic Circle in the... 

---