Black sand

The most common ore is hematite, which is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. 

The metallic element titanium (11) is relatively abundant in nature it accounts for 0.56% of the earth s crust. This number may not seem very impressive until you realize that it exceeds the combined abundances of ten familiar elements H, N, C, P, S, Cl, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn. The most important ore of titanium is ilmenite. a mineral commonly found as a deposit of black sand along beaches in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Norway. In ilmenite. titanium is chemically combined with iron and oxygen. The presence of iron makes the ore magnetic. 

The mineralogy of the Rosetta Nile black sand monazite is relatively complex and contains a variety of different minerals. Table 24.11 shows the chemical analysis of the run-of-mine ore. 

The size distributions of the black sand ranged from 80 to 100 pm. Development test-work on the black sand included an examination of anionic and cationic collectors. Cationic collectors, such as Amine 22, Armac and Armac T, gave poor results. Selectivity was poor, even when using modified starches as gangue depressants. 

Experimental work was carried out on black sand in which the effect of sodium oxalate on monazite activation was examined. It should be noted that monazite is essentially a phosphate of cerium and lanthanum, where the possibility exists that sodium oxalate has an activating effect on monazite [11]. The use of sodium oleate as activator was studied with different sulphonate collectors (Table 24.12). 

The most abundant titanium sand deposits are black sands in streams and on beaches of volcanic regions. The principal black minerals are magnetite, titanoferous magnetite and black silicates, chiefly angite and homblend. It is quite difficult to produce an ilmenite suitable for pigment product from black sand, but other sand deposits that contain rutile, ilmenite and often monazite are found in Australia, USA, India and Africa. These deposits are either alluvial or marine in origin. 

The most common ore of iron is hematite that appears as black sand on beaches or black seams when exposed in the ground. Iron ores (ferric oxides) also vary in color from brownish-red to brick red to cherry red with a metallic shine. Small amounts of iron and iron alloys with nickel and cobalt were found in meteorites (siderite) by early humans. This limited supply was used to shape tools and crude weapons. 

Mr. Gregor modestly stated that his paper was not a complete investigation, but merely a record of disconnected facts, the interpretation of which he would leave to more skilful workers and keener philosophers than himself. His friend, John Hawkins, to whom he showed the black sand, agreed that it must be a new mineral. 

Within a few years [said he] a fossil has been brought into notice by the name of Menaehanite, which has been found in the parish of Menachan, in Cornwall, and consists of grey-black, sand-like grains, obeying the magnet. Mr. M Gregor, of Menachan, who dedicates his study to mineralogical chem-... 

Vink, K. "From Black Sand to Yellow Sulphur." Paper presented at 7th Canadian Symposium on Catalysis, Edmonton, Alberta, October 19-22, 1980. 

Titanium was discovered in 1791 by William Gregor, an English clergyman and amateur chemist. He identified it in a black sand (now known to be ilmenite) sent to him for analysis from the Menacchan Valley in Cornwall. Four years later, the famous German chemist Klaproth rediscovered the element in the ore rutile, one form of titanium dioxide. He gave it the name titanium after the Titans who in Greek mythology were the sons of Earth. 

Coarse black sand, from which those small black pellets are obtained out of which white lead is extracted. Sand containing tin. 

Ckromitite is obtained as a small-grained black sand, of density 3-1, from Kopaonik Mountain, Serbia, and has the composition (Pe,Al)203.2Cr203- It resembles magnetite, being magnetic and crystallising in the cubic system. 

On the day I visited, a mist descended from the slopes of the volcano and coalesced into showers that rained on the village like a faint reminder of the epic cataclysm. Pedestrians huddled for shelter on narrow sidewalks under rusty metal balconies on buildings with wooden doors and shutters that cried out for paint. A fisherman hawked bloody slabs of tuna and marlin on the black sand beachfront. To call Saint-Pierre moody would be a vast understatement. 

Typical fillers calcium carbonate, clay, talc, silica, antimony trioxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, titanium dioxide, carbon black, sand, wood fiber... 

LCB5 85-90 cm B-G sand, above concretion LCB6 90-100 cm B-G sand, adjacent to concretion (LCB9 97 cm Black sand, surrounding concretion)... 

LD11 83-87 cm Black sand Concretion occured at depth of 81-90 cm... 

Brownish sand Black sand Ground water table... 

The petrographic microscope examination revealed that the black sand temper in the clay was not volcanic ash, but a glass, possibly obsidian particles. Because obsidian sources are relatively few, geographically restricted to the vicinity of modem... 

U.S. production in these years was around 150,000 short tons. Thus, Australia and the United States are the principal zirconium-producing nations. Most of their production was from dredging of black sands on beaches and in stream beds, where zircon has been concentrated hydraulically along with other relatively dense minerals such as rutile (TiOj), ilmenite (FeTiOs), and monazite (Chap. 6). 

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