Military operations sustained

Acute mountain sickness - 500 to 1000 mg/day, in divided doses of tablets or sustained release capsules. For rapid ascent (ie, in rescue or military operations), use the higher dose (1000 mg). If possible, initiate dosing 24 to 48 hours before ascent and continue for 48 hours while at high altitude, or longer as needed to control symptoms. 

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance Formulations for Military Operations. Washington, DC National Academy Press, 2001. 

Subsets of the military operational community differ in their relative doctrinal emphasis on continuous versus sustained operations. The special operations... 

Because past, current, and projected military operations call for episodic sustained operations with little or no opportunity to sleep for several days, pharmacological countermeasures have been—and will continue to be—important... 

Institute of Medicine. (2001). Caffeine for the sustainment of mental task perfortnance Formulations for military operations. Washington, DC> National Academy of Sciences. 

Sustained military operations at MOPP-4 are unlikely owing to heat and respiratory loads and the inability to perform fine-motor functions at this level. This will remain the case for some time. Efforts to develop improved, semiper-meable breathable fabrics are unlikely to yield new, widely fielded garments for a number of years. 

Sustained military operations in full protective individual gear are unlikely, owing to heat and respiratory loads. This will remain the case for some time. 

SPMs can now be found in commercial markets and specialty clothing due to their lightweight structure, liquid and aerosol repellent properties, and facilitation of moisture vapor transport. However, for military use, SPMs have limitations (Wilusz 2007). SPMs may act as liquid-repellents but may allow vapors to pass and therefore need an activated carbon layer to add extra protection capabilities. Moreover, military garments experience tremendous stress on a day-to-day basis. SPM-based ensembles are more susceptible to tearing as compared to activated carbon-based textile fabrics (Wilusz 2007). Optimizing the permselectivity of the membrane by surface modification or other such techniques is necessary to achieve a balance between comfort (e.g., moisture vapor transmission) and chemical vapor barrier properties. Furthermore, SPMs or membrane-carbon ensembles must possess acceptable mechanical strength to sustain daily military operations. 

Article 1(1) of Additional Protocol II provides that the Protocol apphes in armed conflicts which take place in the territory of a High Contracting Party between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed groups which, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of its territory as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military operations and to implement this Protocol . 

With the Industrial Revolution, life became more complex but it was not until World War II that reliability engineering was needed to keep the complex airplanes, tanks, vehicles and ships operating. Of particular concern was the reliability of radar. Prior to this time equipment was known qualitatively to be reliable or unreliable. To quantify reliability requires collecting statistics on part failures in order to calculate the mean time to failure and the mean time to repair. Since then, NASA and the military has included reliability specifications in procurements thereby sustaining the collection and evaluation of data build statistical accuracy although it adds to the cost. 

Finally, there is what can be best termed a folk belief, held by a number of military personnel, that high motivation as well as the excitement and adrenaline produced by a high-operational tempo can keep soldiers performing even in the face of severe sleep restriction/deprivation. However, motivation has been shown to be ineffective in sustaining performance (44 see also Chap. 21). Anecdotal accounts of combat indicate that the effects of adrenaline release are short-lived and are followed by extreme fatigue and sleepiness (45). 

In comparison to caffeine, pemoline, and methylphenidate, amphetamine appears to offer a more consistent and prolonged alerting effect (100,192), and both the benefits and drawbacks are fairly well known because amphetamines have a long history of use in real-world settings, particularly in military aviation. It has been concluded that to date, the most promising stimulants to counteract performance decrements attributed to aircrew sustained operations are the amphetamines (191, p. 269). Furthermore, Comum et al. (193) have stated that the proper administration of amphetamines to severely fatigued personnel can make the difference between a mission that ends safely and one that ends in disaster. 

To date, no published studies could be found in which modafmil has been used to sustain alertness or performance in real-world military or other environments. Although laboratory studies of modafmil conducted on military volunteers have produced promising results (see the next section), actual field data apparently do not exist (24), although there is anecdotal evidence that the French armed forces may have employed modafinil during Operation Desert Storm. 

The sustainable use of military installations for training and testing requires the development of environmental quality criteria that can be consistently applied in different countries to gauge the ecotoxicological impacts of these operations. To overcome jurisdictional limitations of Eco-SSL and ESI, developed for U.S. Superfund sites and Canadian DND sites, respectively, and to make the Eco-SSL scientific approach useful internationally, the Eco-SSL methodology was applied for developing a set of ETVs for several explosives and related soil contaminants. This chapter... 

Dinstein 2010, para 233. In maldng this statement reliance is placed on the San Remo Mtmual 1995, p. 161. See also The Commander s Handbook On The Law Of Naval Operations 2007, para 5.3.1 [for reference to war fighting/war sustaining as criteria for taigeting objects as military objectives. War fighting can be equated to military action as found in AP I, Article 52(2)]. Dinstein 2010, para 233. See also San Remo Manual 1995, para 67.27, tmd the Missile Warfare Commentary 2009, Rule 24, para 2. 

During the sustainment phase, the individual agencies want to operate efficiently but may still require assistance such as security info, weather information, sharing of resources, help with breaking up cartels, assistance with persistent problems involving interpretation of laws, and coordination with military. Since many parallel efforts may be in operation, with each agency having its own supply chain processes, it may be appropriate to coordinate by consensus. 

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