Armed conflict

The original need that led to development of trace chemical sensors for explosives was the need to restore land that had been abandoned to public or private use. This land was abandoned because of the presence of, or perception of the presence of, mines or unexploded ordnance, often called UXO. These potentially lethal items could be the result of some earlier armed conflict. In that case it is now common to refer to them as explosive remnants of war, or ERW. In some cases the war that left its remnants was concluded many years ago. Dangerous ERW are still found on World War I battlefields, and occasionally on... 

Crucial, then, to the provision of essential medicines to the developing world (where government regulation and industry in many countries are disrupted by armed conflict), is the WHO EML. Originally produced in 1977, the WHO EML now contains over 300 products. By 1998, 140 countries had developed their own national lists of essential drugs. 

Canada has now had 25 years of almost uninterrupted economic growth. In other words, there has been neither a major economic depression arising from internal domestic causes nor one developed in sympathy with continental or world events. Neither has there been an international armed conflict of sufficient proportion to cause world, continental, or Canadian economic depression of course, it is generally... 

Europe, and the less developed countries without significant oil and gas resources. This, in turn, could result in economic depression, internal political instability and, possibly, armed conflicts (i.e., resource wars) - all of which would place an enormous financial and military burden on the United States. Certainly the U.S.S.R. and its primary trading partners, in spite of what appears to be a somewhat more favorable domestic energy resource picture, would not want a serious world crisis over energy in view of the sad history of previous world confrontations over essential raw materials. 

It should also be noted that millions of children suffer from unsafe environments, abuse, and neglect due to armed conflict, natural disasters (e.g. hurricanes and earthquakes), and human-made disasters. Many of these children become refugees and/or orphans and are engaged in forced, hazardous, and exploitative labour. These marginalized children suffer from the very beginning of their lives. Many are invisible , and over 36% of all births go unregistered, mainly in developing countries (UNICEF, 2006). 

How was this message supposed to reach the Jews in Kyiv and its environs, shortly after the extremely destructive armed conflict ... 

Similar considerations apply to other international organizations and regimes with comparable levels of membership to the OPCW. There are more than 120 members in common with the WTO and more than 130 in common with the ICRC s Additional Protocols I and II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions on the laws of armed conflict in the case of the WCO, the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and the 1989 Basel Convention, there are 140 members or more that are also States Parties to the CWC. Again, the majority of States not Party to the CWC have joined the treaties or constituent instruments administered by these other organizations. 

Effective disaster planning addresses the problems posed by various potential events, ranging in scale from mass casualty incidents, such as motor vehicle collisions with multiple victims, to extensive flooding or earthquake damage, to armed conflicts and acts of terrorism... 

Disasters such as floods, famine, armed conflicts, and mass refugee movements are commonplace in our world today. Since the time of Florence Nightingale, nurses have contributed at an international level to the care of nations, communities, families, and individuals who... 

Lewisite (2-chlorvinyldichlorarsin) is another vesicant agent. Unlike sulfur mustard, there has never been a documented use in armed conflict. It was first synthesized and described by the Belgian priest and chemist Julius Arthur Nieuwland (Nieuwland, 1904). During World War I, the US military chemist Winford Lee Lewis suggested and initiated its development into a chemical weapon, which due to the 1918 armistice in Europe was not used on the battlefield (Vilensky and Redman, 2003). 

Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict. 

However, unlike the BTWC which prohibits all uses of biological or toxin weapons for hostile purposes or in armed conflict, the CWC has a different treatment in regard to riot control agents where each State Party undertakes not to use riot control agents as a method of warfare. This is further amplified by the definition in Article II of the CWC of the words purposes not prohibited under this Convention as follows ... 

Riot control agents are intended to harass or to cause temporary incapacitation. Their intended target might be the foe in an armed conflict—with the limitations outlined above—or rioters in a civil disturbance. 

Of the nations currently believed to have an offensive biological warfare program, only a few are candidates for a direct armed conflict with the United States. The most likely route for the United States or our allies to become involved in a biological conflict would be as third parties in regional conflicts, whether as members of a United Nations... 

---