Respiratory load

Sustained military operations at MOPP-4 are unlikely owing to heat and respiratory loads and the inability to perform fine-motor functions at this level. This will remain the case for some time. Efforts to develop improved, semiper-meable breathable fabrics are unlikely to yield new, widely fielded garments for a number of years. 

Sustained military operations in full protective individual gear are unlikely, owing to heat and respiratory loads. This will remain the case for some time. 

The function of the ventilatory pump is critically dependent on three factors the respiratory workload, the respiratory muscle strength, and the ventilatory drive (Fig. 1). Chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure can result from one or more of these abnormalities inadequate ventilatory drive, excessive respiratory load, and inadequate inspiratory muscle... 

Two episodes of sepsis—during weaning episodes 1 and 2 Respiratory load and capacity imbalance complicated by thoracic restriction Critical care polyneuropathy Nonpulmonary factors... 

Infants and children may require long-term ventilatory support due to three categories of diseases that may impair the ventilatory balance increased respiratory load (due to intrinsic cardiopulmonary disorders, upper airway abnormalities, or skeletal deformities), ventilatory muscle weakness [due to neuromuscular diseases (NMD) or spinal cord injury], or failure of neurological control of ventilation (with central hypoventilation syndrome being the most common presentation) (Fig. 1). 

Obstruction of the upper or lower airways may cause an increase in respiratory load. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is less common in children than in adults. In this age group, enlarged tonsils and adenoids play a predominant role (3). Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation has proved its efficacy and is proposed as a first therapeutic option if tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are not able to relieve upper airway obstruction (4,5). Congenital abnormalities of the upper airways, such as laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, or Pierre Robin syndrome, may also cause severe upper airway obstruction (6). Even in young infants, noninvasive CPAP may correct the alveolar hypoventilation (7). 

Continuous ECG, blood pressure, and respiratory status monitoring is recommended for all loading doses of fosphenytoin. Serum phenytoin concentrations should not be obtained for at least 2 hours after IV and 4 hours after intramuscular administration of fosphenytoin. 

There are no reports of respiratory depression hemodynamic instability is rare, but vital signs should be monitored closely during the loading dose. 

The toxic effects model uses concentration-time profiles from the respiratory and skin protection models as input to estimate casualty probabilities. Two approaches are available a simple linear dose-effect model as incorporated in RAP and a more elaborate non-linear response model, based on the Toxic Load approach. The latter provides a better description of toxic effects for agents that show significant deviations of simple Haber s law behaviour (i.e. toxic responses only depend on the concentration-time product and not on each quantity separately). 

Hemerythrin is a respiratory protein isolated from sipun-culids (marine worms). All sipunculids examined have, in the coelomic fluid, erythrocytes loaded with the protein which in most species so far examined is octameric, but sometimes tri-meric (18, 19) and in one instance dimeric and tetrameric (20, 21). From the retractor muscle of Themiste zostericola, the protein has been characterized as a monomer (22). The monomer (23) and the subunits of the trimer (24) and octamer (25) are remarkably similar in tertiary structure, having a M.W. of about 13,500 daltons. Each subunit contains one binuclear iron site. There is no porphyrin ring and the irons are coordinated only to amino acids, some of which, as well as probably an oxy group, form the binding atoms (26). 

Ventilatory abnormalities have been identified in first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder (Perna et ah, 1995 Coryell, 1997), as well as in patients with possible precursors for panic disorders, such as separation anxiety disorder (Pine et ah, 2000) or isolated panic attacks (Perna et ah, 1995). Additionally, studies have found family loading for panic disorder in the relatives of panic patients with respiratory abnormalities (Perna et al., 1996), suggesting that hypersensitivity to CO2 inhalation may be a trait marker for panic disorder rather than a state marker. These data suggest that parents with panic disorder may transmit a diathesis for certain forms of anxiety (e.g., separation anxiety disorder) that is observable in the respiratory... 

Skachkov MB, Skachkova MA, Vereshchagin NN, Korneev AG (2002) The mechanism responsible for predisposition to acute respiratory diseases in high man-made loaded areas. Gigienai Sanitaiiia (Russian Hygiene and Sanitary Journal ) 5 39 2... 

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