Crude oil pipelines

Vosikovsky, O., Macecek, M., and Ross, D.J. Allowable defect sizes in a sour crude oil pipeline for corrosion fatigue conditions, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 13,197-226,1983. 

The network of crude oil pipelines in the U.S. is extensive. There are approximately 55,000 miles of crude oil trunk lines (usually 8-24 inches in diameter) in the U.S. that connect regional markets. The map below shows some of the major crude oil trunk lines in the U.S. (Figure 1). 

Corrosion is by far the most serious hazard of pipeline incidents. It is imperative that adequate corrosion monitoring programs be provided for all hydrocarbon pipelines. Order crude oil pipelines operating at elevated temperatures appear more susceptible to corrosion failures than other pipelines. 

Shah Deniz is an offshore non-associated gas/condensate field, which is being developed primarily to supply natural gas to export markets in Turkey - and associated liquids to international markets via the crude oil pipeline systems. Production will be brought ashore at Sangachal, where a major gas terminal is to be constructed. In November 2002, the agreement was reached with BOTAS, the Turkish state-owned gas company, for the sale of Shah Deniz gas to Turkey with deliveries commencing in August 2006. 

Oil Dehydration. Oil production companies must be able to bring their product to market. For most large-scale production, this goal requires entry into a crude-oil pipeline system. Produced oil must meet or exceed pipeline specifications. In Canada, the oil may not contain more than 0.5%... 

Corrosion of the pipe wall can occur either internally or externally. Internal corrosion occurs when corrosive fluids or condensates are transported through the pipelines. Depending on the nature of corrosive liquid and the transport velocity, different forms of corrosion may occur, namely, uniform corrosion, pitting/crevice corrosion, and erosion-corrosion. Figure 3.8 shows an example of internal corrosion that occurred in a crude oil pipeline because of high levels of salt water and carbon dioxide (CO2). 

This may seem counter-intuitive, but in the case of high-sulfur content crude oils, pipeline corrosion is reduced when the oil is held away from the walls of the pipe, as is the case when O/W emulsion is employed. 

Although most experimental work up to now has been carried out using water-based solutions, the succesful experiments in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System ultimately led to the first commercial application of drag reduction in a crude oil pipeline [22, 23]. The injection of a polymer additive... 

Qingdao, China, Crude Oil Pipeline Rupture, Explosion and Fire... 

Natural gas pipelines from Russian Siberia to Europe have, compared to the crude-oil pipelines, a shorter history. The 2009 dependency on Russian gas in Europe is as follows Finland 100%, Slovakia, 100%, Bulgaria 100% The Czech Republic 81%, Greece 76%, Turkey 68%, Hungary 64%, Austria 62%, Slovenian 58%, Romania 54%, Poland 51% Italy 28%, France 24%, United Kingdom 16%. 

Monitoring 1 Fails to detect rupture of crude oil pipeline. Normal Potential explosion event 1 B LR 6.38E-02 4.27E-02 4.24E-05 1.82E-04... 

Fails to detect pressure rise in crude oil pipeline. Pigging Damage of pipeline 2 B LR 6.38E-02 1.47E-02 1.46E-05 6.24E-05... 

H. Uthman 2011. Mathematical modeling and simulation of corrosion processes in Nigerian crude oil pipelines. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 32 (4), 609-615. 

Adamantane and other light diamondoids are constituents of petroleum and they deposit in natural gas and petroleum crude oil pipelines causing fouling [13,16,17]. Adamantane was originally discovered and isolated from Czechoslovakian petroleum in 1933. The isolated substance was named adamantane, from the Greek for diamond. This name was chosen because it has the same structure as the diamond lattice, highly symmetrical and strain free. Acmally their carbon atom structure can be superimposed upon a diamond lattice. It is generally accompanied by small amounts of alkylated adamantane 2-methyl- 1-ethyl- and probably 1-methyl- 1,3-dimethyl and others. 

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