Crudes, Venezuela

The specific gravities of crudes fall generally between 0.800 and 1.000 as shown in Table 8.1, even though crudes having specific gravities outside this range exist 0.787 (48.2° API) for crudes in Barrow South, Alaska, USA and Santa Rosa, Venezuela and 1.028 (6° API) for the crude from Bradley Canyon, California, USA. 

Table 2. Properties of Various Residua Produced from Tia Juana, Venezuela Light Crude Oil...

This growth resulted from additional countries entering as major producers of petroleum. By 1941, Venezuela was producing over one-half of the crude oil extracted in the Western Hemisphere. During this period as well, the Middle and Near East first began to flex its muscles as an oil producing region. Iran,... 

Most of the U.S. refineries are concentrated along the Gulf Coast, because most imported crude oils come from Venezuela, Mexico and Saudi Arabia and a large amount of U.S. domestic crude oil is... 

Water-in-oil macroemulsions have been proposed as a method for producing viscous drive fluids that can maintain effective mobility control while displacing moderately viscous oils. For example, the use of water-in-oil and oil-in-water macroemulsions have been evaluated as drive fluids to improve oil recovery of viscous oils. Such emulsions have been created by addition of sodium hydroxide to acidic crude oils from Canada and Venezuela. In this study, the emulsions were stabilized by soap films created by saponification of acidic hydrocarbon components in the crude oil by sodium hydroxide. These soap films reduced the oil/water interfacial tension, acting as surfactants to stabilize the water-in-oil emulsion. It is well known, therefore, that the stability of such emulsions substantially depends on the use of sodium hydroxide (i.e., caustic) for producing a soap film to reduce the oil/water interfacial tension. 

Includes crude oil, shale oil and NGL, as well as oil sands and extra-heavy oil for Canada and Venezuela, respectively. 

Table 3.2 shows the remaining potential (the sum of reserves and resources) of conventional oil at the end of 2005, which amounts to around 1800 Gb, made up of 1200 Gb reserves and 600 Gb resources. In line with the definition in Section 3.3.1, these figures do not include unconventional oil, such as crude bitumen from oil sands production in Canada or extra heavy oil from Venezuela.11 Almost three-quarters of... 

Resource estimates and current production According to the USGS, total resources of extra-heavy oil in place worldwide are estimated at around 1350 Gb, of which about 90% are located in the Orinoco Belt in Venezuela. It is estimated that between 240 and 270 Gb of the Venezuelan resources in place are ultimately recoverable. The synthetic crude produced from heavy oil is considered to be refined oil and is, therefore, not subject to OPEC quotas, unlike Venezuela s conventional oil production. 

ZO090 Morton, ]. F. Current folk remedies of northern Venezuela. Q J Crude Drug Res 1975 13 97-121. 

Fornoff, L.L. 1982. Proceedings. Second International Conference on the Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. Caracas, Venezuela. 

Tar Sands (Oil Sands) Sands that contain bitumen, which is a tar-like crude oil substance that can be processed and refined into a synthetic light crude oil. Typically, tar sands are mined from vast open pits where deposits are softened with blasts of steam. The Athabasca sands in Alberta, Canada and the Orinoco sands in Venezuela contain vast amounts of tar sands. The Athabasca sands are now producing commercially in high volume. 

Saudi Arabia has built a chemical industry since the late 1970s in partnership with Western oil companies to make chemicals from natural gas produced in association with crude oil that was previously flared. Other countries in the region have followed suit, including Kuwait, Iran, and Qatar. All these countries continue to expand production, usually in partnership with Western chemical companies anxious to secure low-priced feedstock. Other parts of the world with stranded gas are seeing increased investment ExxonMobil, for example, is negotiating a petrochemical project in Jose, Venezuela, a location where methanol and ammonia are already produced. 

Sulfur Isotope Data Analysis of Crude Oils from the Bolivar Coastal Fields (Venezuela)... 

It is known that vanadium in extremely small amounts is a nutritional requirement for many types of organism, including higher animals. Among marine organisms which accumulate vanadium are members of an order of tunicates, the Asddiacea (sea squirts). Some lichens and a toadstool are also known to contain vanadium in the active sites of some enzymes. The high abundance of vanadium in fossil matter of animal and plant origin (for example, the crude oil from Venezuela) seems to indicate that this element was perhaps more prevalent in early life. 

Addition of a low viscosity hydrocarbon solvent often extracts the oil from the water the extract layer of solvent and solute separates from the water. The large amount of solvent needed to separate emulsions of water in a viscous heavy oil is uneconomic because of the dilute solution needed to obtain a continuous water phase. Addition of solvent, possibly up to an equal amount, is reasonable and is desirable to reduce the viscosity sufficiently to pump and transport the heavy oil. A cheap aliphatic solvent— e.g.9 kerosene—is preferable, but bituminous oil fractions are much more soluble in aromatic solvents, particularly at temperatures near the ambient. However, the water and solid particles are not at acceptable limits even after much dilution, especially in the presence of fine particles as in some crudes from California and Venezuela and particularly from tar sands as those in Athabasca (Alberta, Canada). 

Table II. Composition of Asphaltenes from Different Crude Sources Venezuela...

Microstructure. By using a group of structural parameters obtained through a number of physical methods (such as x-ray, NMR, MS, IR, VPO, DTA, densimetric methods, EM, and SAS) and chemical methods (such as oxidation, alkylation, and halogenation), the structure of petroleum asphaltene has been gradually revealed. As an example, the structural parameters of an asphaltene derived from a Laquinillas crude oil from Venezuela (API gravity 20°, Conradson carbon number 13.39, Miocene Age) are listed in Table I. An empirical formula can be deduced. 

Compared with a high-sulfur, metal-rich crude oil from the Boscan field of Venezuela (3), the vanadium contents of most of the tar sand bitumens see Table I) are relatively low, particularly in view of the high sulfur values of some of the bitumens. If tar sand bitumens are the residues of crude oils which have lost their light ends, it might be expected that metals, which are always concentrated in the heavier... 

Boscan, Venezuela, crude oil Battle Creek, WY Asphalt Ridge, UT P.R. Spring, UT Tar Sand Triangle, UT Edna, CA Sant Rosa, NM Athabasca, Alta. 

Alvarado, D. A. Marsden, S. S. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Heavy Crude Oils and Tar Sands Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1987, paper no. 275. 

Bjerlykke, K., Ramm, M., and G.C. Saigal, 1989. Sandstone diagenesis and porosity modification during basin evolution. Geologische Rundschau 78/1, pp. 243-268 Bockmeulen, H., Barker, C. and P.A. Dickey, 1983. Geology and geochemistry of crude oils, Bolivar Coastal Fields, Venezuela. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 242-270... 

Chattanooga 1st Stage 2nd Stage (25) Paraho (25) Alberta Canada Devonian Crude (26) Venezuela Crude (27) Nigerian Crude (28) Iranian Crude (28) California Terhasy Heavy Crude (27)... 

Early use of petroleum or mineral oil, as distinct from animal or plant oils, was achieved by direct harvesting of the crude product from surface seeps and springs. For example, tar obtained from the Pitch Lake (La Brea) area, Trinidad, has been used for the caulking of ships since the Middle Ages and is still marketed to the extent of about 142,000 tonnes per year [1], Tar from the Alberta tar sands was used in the 1700s by Cree Indians of the Athabasca river area to seal their canoes, as recorded by Peter Pond. Also a thick bituminous gum was collected from the soil surface near the St. Clair River in Southern Ontario [2], and from Guanoco Lake, Venezuela [3], and these too were marketed for a range of purposes. 

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