Kuwait crude

Crude Kuwait Arab. hvy Maya Lloydminster Orinoco... 

South Louisiana Crude Kuwait Crude No. 2 Heating Oil Bunker C... 

Kuwait Crude. Kuwait crude, one of the typical Middle East crude oils, was subjected to the pyrolysis. The experimental conditions covered the ranges of temperature 700 900°C, of residence time 0.2 l sec, and of steam dilution ratio 0.5 2 by weight to crude oil. These operating variables were examined relative to their effect on the yields of olefins and aromatics. 

An example of the good correlation between TBP and simulated distillation is given in Figure 2.4, where it is shown that 71% of a Kuwait crude distils below 535T. 

Arabia, the largest OPEC oil producer. OPEC produces about 40 percent of the world s crude oil output and It supplies about 45 percent of all traded petroleum. In total, almost 60 percent of the world s crude oil extraction is exported from about forty-five hydrocarbon-producing countries—but the six largest exporters (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Norway, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) sell just over 50 percent of the traded total. In contrast, more than 130 countries import crude oil and refined oil products besides the United States, the largest buyers are Japan, Germany, France, and Italy. 

Fig. 2 a - c. GC-MS traces (m/z 99 key ion) of various aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions from different environmental matrices a sediment - Red Sea b water - Red Sea c Kuwait crude oil spill... 

Source Concentrations in 8 diesel fuels ranged from 0.018 to 5.9 mg/L with a mean value of 0.93 mg/L (Westerholm and Li, 1994). Identified in Kuwait and South Louisiana crude oils at concentrations of 2.3 and 1.7 ppm, respectively (Pancirov and Brown, 1975). 

Source Identified in Kuwait and South Louisiana crude oils at concentrations of 6.9 and 17.5 ppm, respectively (Pancirov and Brown, 1975). Also present in high octane gasoline (6.7 mg/kg), bitumen (1.64-5.14 ppm), gasoline exhaust (27-318 pg/m ), cigarette smoke (60 pg/1,000 cigarettes), and South Louisiana crude oil (17.5 ppm) (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). Also detected in fresh motor oil (56 mg/L), used motor oil (10.17 mg/L) (Pasquini and Monarca, 1093). 

Source Detected in 8 diesel fuels at concentrations ranging from 0.060 to 13 mg/L with a mean value of 0.113 mg/L (Westerholm and Li, 1994) in a distilled water-soluble fraction of used motor oil at a concentration range of 1.3 to 1.5 pg/L (Chen et al, 1994). Lee et al. (1992) reported concentration ranges 1.50-125 mg/L and ND-0.5 pg/L in diesel fuel and the corresponding aqueous phase (distilled water), respectively (Lee et al, 1992). Schauer et al. (1999) reported fluoranthene in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 53.0 pg/km. Identified in Kuwait and South Louisiana crude oils at concentrations of 2.9 and 5.0 ppm, respectively (Pancirov and Brown, 1975). 

In this scenario, we provide multiple feedstocks, namely Arabian Light and Kuwait crude, to the refineries complex and demonstrate the selection of crude combinations to each refinery as well as how the integration network will change. All sets of constraints remained the same except for the crude supply as we imposed a higher availability limit of 20 000 t/year of each crude type. The results of the model are shown in Table 3.6. 

Field Desalting of Wet Crude in Kuwait by Chawla expands upon the principles describing electrostatic treating that are discussed in other papers in this section A specific oil-treating/desalting system is described. 

Production of wet crude had been a growing fiald problem ir. Kuwait. Trie need to treat wet crude was felt for quite some time. Application of right technology and installation of proper desalting facilities were needed to solve this problem. Thus It was decided to Install electrostatic desalting plants progressively in Kuwait s oil fields. By the end of 1986, Ita plants, (6 conventional (AC] and 8 dual polarity (AC/DC)2 with a total capacity of over 790,000 STB/D of treated crude have been Installed. 

Kuwait oil fields have produced over 21 billion barrels of dry, salt free crude. Due to salt water production, a number of wells had to be shut lr. for lack of treating facilities. 

Electrostatic crude desalting systems are used in Kuwait. The system employs chemical demulsifiers, neat and an electrostatic field to dehydrate the crude. 

Salt water is present in the crude in the form of emulsion. When the produced formation water is highly saline as is the case in Kuwait, then straight dehydration is not the solution and the crude is to be desalted as well. 

Therefore, the process adopted in Kuwait for treating wet crude Is a combination of dehydration and desalting. The following factors... 

From the viscosity-temperature relationship of various Kuwait crudes, it was noticed tnat in different areas the treating temperatures shall have to be different depending on the crude oil mixture. However, the best test is ir. the fields and the optimum temperatures for treating can be arrived at with experience. 

Beuther and Schmid (1963) HDS catalyst Kuwait reduced crude 2 >1... 

Tia Juana Pesado residuum Safaniya atmospheric residuum Kuwait crude... 

Kuwait residual, Agha Jari topped crude... 

Agha Jari topped crude Gach Saran atmospheric residuum Kuwait and Lagomedio atmospheric residual 3 Jobo crude resin fraction asphaltene fraction Adriatic Sea atmospheric resid Gach Saran vacuum residuum... 

Information relating to the diffusion of metal-bearing compounds in catalytic materials at reaction conditions has been obtained indirectly through classic diffusion and reaction theory. Shah and Paraskos (1975) calculated effective diffusitivities of 7 x 10-8 and 3 x 10-8 cm2/sec for V and Ni compounds in reduced Kuwait crude at 760°F. These low values may be indicative of a small-pore HDS catalyst. In contrast, Sato et al. (1971) report that the effective diffusivity of vanadium compounds was one-tenth that of the nickel compounds on the basis of metal deposition profiles in aged catalysts. This large difference may be influenced by relative adsorption strengths not explicitly considered in their analysis. 

Table I shows that, upon distillation of a Kuwait crude into several fractions, sulfur components concentrate mostly in the resid fraction. Upon hydrotreating each fraction at fixed reactor conditions, the resid sulfur is more difficult to remove than the gasoline sulfur or the gas oil sulfur.

Crude oil origin. . . Kuwait (east) Burzurgan Boscan Khafji i California Cabimas... 

Kuwait vacuum residue (18% by vol of crude) Deasphalted Kuwait vacuum residue (15% by vol of crude)... 

Saudi Arabia has built a chemical industry since the late 1970s in partnership with Western oil companies to make chemicals from natural gas produced in association with crude oil that was previously flared. Other countries in the region have followed suit, including Kuwait, Iran, and Qatar. All these countries continue to expand production, usually in partnership with Western chemical companies anxious to secure low-priced feedstock. Other parts of the world with stranded gas are seeing increased investment ExxonMobil, for example, is negotiating a petrochemical project in Jose, Venezuela, a location where methanol and ammonia are already produced. 

Crude oil contains about 0.01% metals and up to 5% sulfur present in large aromatic structures. These levels are highly dependent on the origin of the crude. For example, California crude is relatively low in sulfur but higher in metals than crude from Kuwait. Any process to remove them must be economical with little destruction of the hydrocarbons and minimum consumption of H2. The catalyst is Co, Mo/A1203 with particles a few mm in diameter. Although sulfur is usually a poison for catalytic reactions it is used here in a positive function to control selectivity. It is presulfided to decrease activity towards excessive consumption of H2 that leads to unwanted saturation of aromatic molecules. 

---