Micturition frequency

Reproductive disorders Endometrial disorder Leukorrhea Uterine disorder Uterovaginal prolapse Vaginal discomfort Urinary system disorders Micturition frequency Urinary incontinence Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal pain Constipation... 

This may be found by routine urine testing of pregnant women or patients with known structural abnormalities of the urinary tract. Such infection may explain micturition frequency or incontinence in the elderly. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be given, chosen on the basis of susceptibility tests, and normally for 7-10 days. Amoxicillin or a cephalosporin is preferred in pregnancy, although nitrofurantoin may be used if imminent delivery is not likely (see below). 

In the OPERA trial, oxybutynin XL was comparable to tolterodine long-acting (LA) in decreasing the mean number of incontinence episodes, but was superior in reducing weekly micturition frequency and achieving total dryness. In another study that pooled results of two open-label studies, tolterodine LA was associated with significantly greater patient-perceived improvement in bladder control and fewer withdrawals due to adverse effects than oxybutynin XL. 

They are located prejvmctionally in the detrusor muscle. When activated they induce contraction (human, guinea-pig) or relaxation (monkey). Activation of 5-HT4-RS in the human urinary bladder may result in an increased micturition frequency. This phenomenon is observed occasionally during cisapride therapy... 

From a therapeutic point of view, it is essential to confirm the presence of bacteriuria (a condition in which there are bacteria in the urine) since symptoms alone are not a reliable method of documenting infection. This applies particularly to bladder infection where the symptoms of burning micturition (dysuria) and frequency can be associated with a variety of non-bacteriuric conditions. Patients with symptomatic bacteriuria should always be treated. However, the necessity to treat asymptomatic bacteriuric patients varies with age and the presence or absence of underlying urinary tract abnormalities. In the pre-school child it is essential to treat all urinary tract infections and maintain the urine in a sterile state so that normal kidney maturation can proceed. Likewise in pregnancy there is a risk of infection ascending from the bladder to involve the kidney. This is a serious complication and may result in premature labour. Other indications for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria include the presence of underlying renal abnormalities such as stones which may be associated with repeated infections caused by Proteus spp. 

Urinary frequency (greater than 8 micturitions/day), urgency with or without urge incontinence nocturia (greater than or equal to 2 micturitions/night) and enuresis may be present as well. 

Frequency from urge onset to micturition Yes/no, daytime/nighttime/both, how often... 

Locally invasive prostate cancer is associated with ureteral dysfunction or impingement, such as alterations in micturition (e.g., urinary frequency, hesitancy, dribbling). 

Six placebo-controlled studies showed that duloxetine reduces incontinent episode frequency and the number of daily micturitions, increases micturition interval, and improves quality-of-life scores. These benefits were statistically significant but clinically modest. 

Rash, micturition disorder (polyuria, nocturia, dysuria, frequency of urination), abdominal discomfort, somnolence... 

Other side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, somnolence, palpitations, muscle cramps, frequency of micturition or nocturia, cough, breathlessness, epistaxis, impotence, nervousness and conjunctivitis. 

Tolterodine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, is considered first-line therapy in patients with urinary frequency, urgency, or urge incontinence. Controlled studies demonstrate that tolterodine is more effective than placebo and as effective as oxybutynin IR in decreasing the number of daily micturitions and increasing the volume voided per micturition. However, most studies have not shown a decrease in the number of daily UI episodes as compared with placebo. 

The unwanted peripheral effects of all atropine-like drugs include flushing of the skin, dryness of the mucous membranes with fever, tachycardia, reduced salivary secretion and dryness of the mouth, drying up of the gastrointestinal secretions and decreased gastric acidity, and reduced muscle tone in the gut and constipation. Bladder tone and frequency of micturition are reduced and acute urinary retention is a risk, especially in older men with prostatic hyperplasia. Nasal, bronchial, and lacrimal secretions are reduced. 

In chronic intoxication, polyuria, increased frequency of micturition, urinary incontinence, enuresis, and acute... 

Side effects/adverse reactions Frequent Peripheral edema, dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, bradycardia, asthenia (loss of strength, weakness) Occasional Nausea, constipation, flushing, altered ECG Rare Rash, micturition disorder (polyuria, nocturia, dysuria, frequency of urination), abdominal discomfort, somnolence... 

Urination, also termed micturition, is the discharge of urine. In normal adults adequate homeostasis is maintained with a urine output of about 500mL/day. Alterations in urinary output are described as anuria (<100mL/day), oliguria (<400mL/day), or polyuria (>3 L/day or 50mL/kg body weight/day. The most common disorder of micturition is altered frequency, which may be associated with increased urinary volume or with partial urinary tract obstruction (e.g., in prostatic hypertrophy). 

Drug Decreased Incontinence Episodes Restored Continence Decreased Frequency of Micturitions Increased Volume per Void... 

Tolterodine LA was significantly superior to placebo and similar in elderly and young patient populations in reducing the frequencies of incontinence episodes and micturitions, increasing the volume voided per micturition and ability to complete tasks before voiding, and enhancing the patient perception of benefit. Adverse effect types and frequencies were also similar in the two age groups. ... 

Whereas prostatic carcinoma may be asymptomatic in patients with localized disease, most patients with signs and symptoms have advanced disease at presentation. In patients with locally invasive disease, the most common complaints arise from ureteral dysfunction or impingement. Patients complain of alterations in micturition manifested by urinary frequency, hesitancy, and dribbling.New onset impotence or less firm penile erections in an elderly male may indicate prostate cancer. 

Studies in humans confirm the in vitro tests while clinical trials show clear benefits in terms of increased micturition volume, decreased frequency, decreased nocturia and a decrease in prostate volume. 

SI. a 37-year-old male, presented to his GP complaining of nocturia, frequency of micturition and polydipsia. On examination, he had mild truncal obesity, plethora, and ankle oedema. He had purpura of his arms but no striae. Mis blood pressure was 185/115 mm Hg. Biochemistry results in a serum specimen showed ... 

Increased frequency of micturition, and glycosuria, may cause concern that a pregnant woman has developed diabetes during pregnancy. These findings are common and do not necessarily indicate pathology. 

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