Microemulsions applications utilizing

This chapter describes novel inkjet inks based on a variety of vehicles, and demonstrates several optical applications utilized by inkjet inks. It aims to provide a general description of inks which are based on unique components and structures, mainly micellar systems, polyelectrolyte complexes, microemulsions, miniemulsions, emulsions, liquid crystals, and interesting phase... 

The microemulsion method utilizes a water/oil/surfactant system to construct a micro reactor, in which NCs could be s)mthesized. The microemulsions have a wide range of applications from oil recovery fo fhe s)mfhesis of nanoparticles. Microemulsion is a system of water, oil, and surfactant, and it is an optically isotropic and thermod3mamically stable solution. At molecular scale, the microemulsion is heterogeneous with an internal structure either of nanospherical monosized droplefs (micelles or reverse micelles) or a bicontinuous phase, depending on the given temperature as well as the ratio of its constituents (Eriksson et al., 2004). The small droplets could be utilized as microreactors in order to s)mthesize the fine NCs in a controllable way. 

Microemulsions are utilized in a wide variety of applications [83]. To provide even a short description of all these apphcations is not within the scope of this chapter. Instead, we concentrate on some apphcations that are related to the distinchon between bound and free water. Obviously, this distinction is one of the most significant tasks of SZT-DSC measurements. We begin... 

Considerable research is being done to increase the utility of CO2 as a solvent. In the area of pharmaceutical applications, supercritical fluids are useful as solvents in the production of particulate drugs, the extraction and separation of active ingredients, and the preparation of microemulsions and sustained drug delivery systems (2). A major disadvantage, insofar as solvent... 

Our initial studies have demonstrated that the Pd and Rh nanoparticles formed in the CO2 microemulsions are very effective catalysts for hydrogenation of olefins and arenes in supercritical CO2. Dispersing metal nanoparticles in supercritical CO2 utilizing the microemulsion is a new approach for homogenization of heterogeneous catalysis. This approach may have important applications for chemical synthesis in supercritical fluids. 

It should be noted that the synthetic conditions required to form a specific type of polymer structure are not necessarily compatible with the conditions required for optimal imprinting of the template. All of the methods however, have utility in at least one area of imprinting and each of them was developed to suit specific target and application. Few polymerization methods (i.e., bulk, precipitation, suspension and reverse microemulsion) along with their pros and cons are presented in the following sections. 

Similar to most chemical systems of interest, the characterization of colloidal solutions requires the determination of the size, shape, structure, and stability of the particles present. This information is especially important for the understanding and utilization of organized assemblies of surfactants, in particular microemulsions, because the physical properties of the particles usually depend strongly on the thermodynamic conditions such as overall composition, temperature, and external force fields. This dependence is mainly due to the sensitivity to conditions of the monomer-aggregate equilibrium of the surfactant, which is responsible for the existence of the particles, and to the delicate balance of forces that maintain their integrity. For microemulsions, an additional complication arises from the compartmentalization of the systems, which is a source of possible phase transitions but is also a reason for most of their practical applications. 

It should be amply evident from the accounts of Chapters 1-5 that assisted by well-established basic observations, various investigators have utilized both macro-and microemulsion processes for the synthesis of a large variety of inorganic substances in particulate form. The activity is more pronounced in case of microemulsion-mediated synthesis for the obvious reasons that (i) the method yields nanoparticles of many useful substances for special applications and (ii) in addition to the spherical shape that comes generally from the spherical droplet phase of microemulsions, other shapes like nanorods and nanowires can be produced by this method in specific cases. Both the methods, however, have their own advantages and limitations, and products of both the processes have been demonstrated to have potentials for application. The following text discusses some of these points. 

The combination of water-in-oil microemulsion and SCFs is a promising topic and may find more applications with some interesting advantages by utilizing the unique properties of SCFs. These include pressure-dependent variables such as viscosity, density, and diffusion rate, as well as the ability to readily manipulate the P-T phase behavior in the multicomponent micelle systems [13]. Much of the current research efforts in this area have been directed toward the SCF-continuous microemulsions. 

Cytotoxic effects of the selected microemulsions (Table 1) were measured in MCF-7 cells. The performed cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that only bis(Ci2-LA) allows for near 75% viability of tumor cells. However, presented data reveal that the lactobionic derivative (systems 9,10) is slightly more safe for MCF-7 cells than the gluconic one (systems 7,8). In the presence of microemulsions stabilized with dicephalic (systems 3-6) and single-head single-tail surfactants (systems 1,2), a significant cytotoxic effect was observed. For these reasons, a utility of those systems for pharmaceutical uses should be limited. From the other hand potential applications of the (C12-DX X = GA and LA) systems will be studied for preparation of submicron particles type nanocapsules as useful carriers of the safe drug delivery. Moreover, only systems stabilized by the bis(Ci2-LA) appear to be relatively not toxic for MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Thus microemulsions stabilized by this surfactant may be used in... 

This review focuses on the most interesting reversible coordination polymers and their application in various hierarchical self-assembled structures, including thin films, microcapsules, micelles, microemulsions, and nanoribbons. These structures have in common that they are hierarchical assemblies containing metal-mediated reversible coordination polymers as a main component. The charges carried by the coordination polymers are utilized to interact with oppositely charged components, including nanoparticles, polyelectrolytes, block copolymers, and surfactants. Specific features of these objects, introduced by the coordination polymers, as well as the influence of additional salt are discussed. 

Aqueous solutions have so far been used mainly as hydraulic and working fluids. They are found as emulsions and microemulsions. They are unstable, but this can be improved by the addition of emulsifiers however, these have a harmful environmental effect. There are also problems with the preparation and utilization of emulsions. It is suggested that, in these applications, emnisions should be replaced with solutions of amphiphilic compounds that do not have such disadvantages. 

Subsequently, Han et al. [34] reported IL-in-IL nanoemulsions for the first time. Assisted with a certain amount of surfactant AOT, the hydrophilic IL PAF and the hydrophobic IL 3-methyl-l-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omimjPF ) formed [omimjPF -in-PAF microemulsions when the volume ratio of [omimjPF was relatively low. With the increase in volume ratio of [omimjPF, unstable [omim] PFj-in-PAF nanoemulsions were formed, which were transparent before phase separation. The conductivity of [omimjPF -in-PAF nanoemulsions was much lower than that of [omim]PFj-in-PAF microemulsions. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiment demonstrated that the microdroplets of the nanoemulsion were spherical and the gyration radii of the microdroplets decreased from 19.3 to 15.7 nm when the volume ratio of [omimjPF was reduced from 0.35 to 0.25. Utilizing this IL-in-IL nanoemulsion as the reaction medium, stable and crystallined metal-organic framework (MOF) nanorods were successfully synthesized, indicating potential applications of IL-in-IL nanoemulsions as well as microemulsions in other fields. 

Garti et al. have studied extensively the growing potential for microemulsions based on sugar fatty acid esters for utility in food products and have published a fairly recent review on the subject [94]. Since that review their work has continued in this important area of application for these materials, with a number of publications in the past 3 years. 

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