Microbiota

An entirely different type of contamination arises from the presence of microbiota in a product. As in the case of chemical contamination, compendial requirements for microbiological purity exists. Pharmacopoeial standards vary from country to country, and manufacturers must use the specifications and kill times that meet local requirements. As of this writing, the criteria in the British Pharmacopoeia are more stringent than those estabUshed by the CTFA, which are stricter than those in the United States Pharmacopoeia. In order to meet commonly accepted standards of microbial purity, manufacturing faciUties must be periodically cleaned and all products that can support microbial growth must contain an effective preservative (6). 

Oral Cleansing Products. Toothpastes and mouthwashes are considered cosmetic oral cleansers as long as claims about them are restricted to cleaning or deodorization. Because deodorization may depend on reduction of microbiota in the mouth, several antimicrobial agents, either quaternaries, such as benzethonium chloride [121 -54-0] or phenoHcs, such as triclosan [3380-35-5] are permitted. Products that include anticaries or antigingivitis agents or claim to provide such treatment are considered dmgs. 

Dietary additives can affect the microbiota that are associated with the faeces of animals and degradation of the faeces may be impaired because of the influence of the excretory products on insects, microbes and fungi. The microbiota in the soil and waste material may be affected, thus altering the fertility of the pasture and sustainability of other wildlife. These microbiota can be used as dietary ingredients for animals, so inhibition of their production would be an unsatisfactory consequence of dietary additives. ... 

Highest rates of biochemical oxidation are found in shallow, surface active reaches where attached microbiota and interfacial oxygen exchange are at their maxima. 

GIBSON G R, ROBERFRoiD M B (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Ante 125 1401-12. 

How changes in. soil microbiota affect the root exudation... 

D. B. Ringelberg, J. O. Stair, J. Almeida, R. J. Norby, E. G. O Neill, and D. C. White, Consequences of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the belowground microbiota associated with white oak. 3. Environ. Qual. 26 495 (1997). 

B. H. Baird and D. C. White, Bioma.ss and eommunily strueture of the abyssal microbiota determined from the ester-linked phospholipids recovered from Venezuela Basin and Puerto Rico trench. sediment. Mar. Geol. 58 2 7 (1985). 

Biodegradation Partly Some near-surface bacteria appear capable of entering and surviving in the deep-well environment. However, in general, temperature and pressure conditions in the deep-well environment are unfavorable for microbiota that are adapted to near-surface conditions. Biological transformations are primarily anaerobic. 

A bioslurry phase system consists of the suspension of a solid phase in water or other liquid medium to a concentration typically between 5% and 40% (w/v) and kept under agitation conditions to allow the microbial growth of the indigenous microbiota or a particular inoculated microorganism [114], Bioslurry systems for bioremediation purposes have been mostly conducted with bacterial cultures [146, 147], although in the last few years WRF were also successfully applied to soil bioremediation of PAHs, hexachlorocyclohexane and pentachlorophenol [110, 113, 114],... 

Further research should focus on (1) the description of the mechanisms involved in the degradation in situ (2) the identification of the metabolites released during the process to better estimate the toxicity of the residues (3) the relationship between the WRF and the microbiota, which may counteract the degrading capacity and clearly, (4) the optimization of the process and (5) the scale-up necessary to implement a possible real application. Given the challenge of structural elucidation studies with complex environmental matrices such as sludge, the work performed so far respect point (2) in liquid media is reviewed in the next chapters of the book for PhC [151], UV-F [158] and BFR [157]. 

The chicken intestinal microbiota is composed principally of Gram-positive bacteria (Gong et al., 2002). The lactobacilli are predominant in the small intestine (with smaller numbers of streptococci and enterobacteria), whereas the caecal flora is composed mainly of anaerobes and fewer numbers of facultative bacteria. Predominant cultured flora of the ileum of chicken include Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, E. coli and Eubacterium, while Eubacterium and Bacteroides dominated the caecum flora. 

Although the microbiota are not as essential for nutrient supply to the pig as they are in ruminants, these organisms do provide some benefit to their... 

The results of many studies (Perin et al, 2000 Schrezenmeir and de Vrese, 2001 Shin et al, 2000 Gmeiner et al, 2000) point to a synergistic effect of probiotic and prebiotic combinations on the faecal microbiota of experimental animals. This effect was demonstrated by increased total anaerobes, aerobes, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts as well as by decreased Clostridia, Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli counts. The combination of probiotics and non-digestible carbohydrates may be a way of stabilisation and/or improvement of the probiotic effect. 

Fuller R. and Perdigon G. (eds.) (2000). Probiotics 3. Immunomodulation by the Gut Microbiota and Probiotics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 

Fujie K, Flu F1Y, Tanaka H, Urano K, Saitou K, Katayama A (1998) Analysis of respiratory quinones in soil for characterization of microbiota. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 44 393-404... 

Brigidi P, Swennen E, Rizzello F, Bozzolasco M, Matteuzzi D Effect of rifaximin administration on the intestinal microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Chemother (Florence) 2002 14(3) 290-295. 

Gonthier MP, Remesy C, Scalbert A, Cheynier V, Souquet JM, Poutanen K and Aura AM. 2006. Microbial metabolism of caffeic acid and its sters chlorogenic and caftaric acid by human faecal microbiota in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 60 536-540. 

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