Microbiological contamination: environmental

Drinking water suppHed to carbonated soft drink manufacturing faciUties from private or municipal sources must comply with all regulatory requirements. Treated water must meet all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels and may also be subject to additional state requirements. Treated water is routinely analyzed for taste, odor, appearance, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, pH, total dissolved soHds, hardness, and microbiological contamination. 

Although there are many biocide alternatives available on the market, for example enzyme technology or bio-dispersants, there appears to be a continued requirement for the use of biocides in order to reduce the levels of microbiological contamination entering the paper making process. The increased awareness of environmental and safety aspects will continue to play an important role on the selection of biocides for paper making processes. The use of legislation to select biocides must be done in parallel with each plants internal risk assessment. No one biocide active will meet all the criteria set out by different European countries and hence the use of these actives must be carefully assessed on a plant by plant basis. 

In 1997, the Declaration of the Environment Leaders of the Eight on Children s Environmental Health acknowledged the special vulnerability of children and committed their countries to take action on several specific environmental health issues, such as chronic lead poisoning, microbiologically contaminated drinking-water, endocrine disrupting chemicals, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and poor air quality. 

Cellulose ethers are hydrophilic polymers that are widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient [319]. They are generally considered to be stable in the solid state when kept in closed containers under normal environmental conditions [320] and the standards established by official pharmacopoeias for their storage are accordingly not particularly stringent The United States Pharmacopoeia [321] and British Pharmacopoeia [322] merely require that they can be stored in closed containers, without specifying further measures for prevention of water uptake or microbiological contamination. The microorganisms most frequently... 

In general, the cause of any deterioration in process or environmental control can be traced to one of three principle systems a) personnel controls b) process controls or c) facility (engineering) controls. Increases in detected airborne microbiologic contamination levels may result from any of several conditions, and a simple set of logical challenges can be applied to the data to determine the most likely cause. 

Sample Location Selection, Uniform contamination over a complete aseptic manufacturing facility is remotely improbable. It would require a total breakdown of systems and would be evident in many ways other than environmental monitoring. The selection of locations for environmental monitoring becomes therefore a matter of professional judgement that should take account of two major considerations locations where, if contaminated, product quality would be most seriously affected and locations that due to some vicissitude of design or control are susceptible to microbiological contamination or proliferation. 

Burkowska, A., Swiontek Brzezinska, M., Kalwasihska, A. 2011. Impact of the municipal landfill site on microbiological contamination of air. Contemporary Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, No. 9. Some Aspects of Environmental Impact of Waste Dumps 71-87. 

Solomon, E.B., Yaron, S. and Matthews, K.R. (2002) Transmission of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 from contaminated manure and irrigation water to lettuce plant tissue and its subsequent internalization . Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 397-400. 

Funk, S. B., Roberts, D.J., Crawford, D. L. Crawford, R. L. (1993)- Initial-phase optimization for bioremediation of munition compound-contaminated soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 2171—7. 

Lamar, R.T. (1990). In situ depletion of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soil by Phanerochaete spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 3093-100. 

Al-Rashidi, R. K., Loynachan, T. E. Frederick, L. R. (1982). Desiccation tolerance of four strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 14, 489-93-Allard, A-S., Hynning, P-A., Remberger, M. Neilson, A. H. (1994). Bioavailability of chlorocatechols in naturally contaminated sediment samples and of chloroguaiacols covalently bound to C2-guaiacyl residues. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 777-84. 

Lajoie, C. A., Zylstra, G. J., DeFlaun, M. F. Strom, P. F. (1993). Development of field application vectors for bioremediation of soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 1735—41. 

Acton, D. W. Barker, J.F. (1992). In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic groundmatets. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 9,325-52. Aelion, C.M. Bradley, P. M. (1991). Aerobic biodegradation potential of subsurface microorganisms from a jet fuel-contaminated aquifer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(1), 57-63. 

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