Internal risk

Although there are many biocide alternatives available on the market, for example enzyme technology or bio-dispersants, there appears to be a continued requirement for the use of biocides in order to reduce the levels of microbiological contamination entering the paper making process. The increased awareness of environmental and safety aspects will continue to play an important role on the selection of biocides for paper making processes. The use of legislation to select biocides must be done in parallel with each plants internal risk assessment. No one biocide active will meet all the criteria set out by different European countries and hence the use of these actives must be carefully assessed on a plant by plant basis. 

Renn O (with annexes by Graham P) (2005) Risk governance—Towards an integrative approach. Geneva, International Risk Governance Council (IRGC White Paper No. 1). 

IRGC (International Risk Governance Council) (2005) Risk Governance - Towards an Integrative Approach, White Paper No 1, O. Renn with an Annex by P. Graham. IRGC, Geneva. 

At least as important is the role of REACH in international risk regulation. The Commission makes no secret of its aspirations to promote the REACH approach to chemical safety beyond EU borders. Countries such as Switzerland, Norway, Japan, Canada, Korea, New Zealand and China have apparently expressed a keen interest to learn from REACH. 36 And even in countries where governments have declared no such intention, such as the USA,37 REACH is being used as a yardstick against which to assess domestic chemical risk regulation (Hogue 2007). 

See Heyvaert, this volume, who analyzes REACH as a blueprint for an international risk governance model. 

ITER International toxicity estimates for risk—a database of international risk values for chemical substances... 

The project internal risks (e.g., funding, schedule, team components) Are the project team members capable of doing their tasks Will the funding be available to support the project Can the schedule be met ... 

The best part about the site vulnerability analyses developed for chemical plants, Sem says, is that, while addressing terror risks, they also force companies to look at issues that are far more likely to occur workplace violence and theft of trade secrets. Companies shouldn t get so hung up on terror that they ignore internal risks. Given the wide range of threats today, it would be impossible for companies to prevent all possible scenarios. You can t put a dome over a chemical plant, but you can take reasonable steps to keep it safe, Sem says. 

Figure 7.1.2 Acceptable, tolerable and intolerable risks (traffic-light model) (International Risk Governance Council, 2005) (see Plate 16)...

The EU WG in 2005 [4] agreed with the choice of the lowest LOAEL of 23 pg per person in accordance with the two previous international risk assessments [2,3]. Owing to the lack of reports on AZP in recent years in spite of marketing of considerable quanta of mussels with AZA at levels close to the current EU regulation of 160 pg/kg, a safety factor of 3 was suggested. The resulting ARfD is 8 pg AZAs per person, in correspondence with the recommendation from the EU WG in 2001 [2]. However, the EU WG in 2005 [4] recommended use of the more appropriate portion size of 250 g instead of 100 g, for deriving a GL of AZAs in shellfish at 32 pg/kg shellfish meat. 

If one applies the same principle as in the three international risk assessments, one should use the lowest LOAEL for calculating the ARfD. With a safety factor of 3, this would give an ARfD of... 

Emerging debt can be issued either in the local currency or in any other external currencies (i.e., Mexico issuing in euro or sterling). These two types of debt do not carry the same risk, and need to be modeled independently. Internal risk was discussed in the interest risk section and we will now address external risk. 

International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) (2007) An Introduction to the IRGG Risk Governance Framework. Policy Brief IRGC Geneva... 

Renn, O. Graham, P. 2005. White paper on Risk Governance Towards and integrative approach. International Risk Governance Council, Geneva, September 2005. 

MIIRSM Member of the International Risk and Safety Managers... 

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