Mutagen assay, microbial

Dunkel VC, Zieger E, Brusick D, et al. 1984. Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays 1. Tests with Salmonella typhimurim and Escherichia coli using a standardized protocol. Environ Mutagen 6 (Suppl. 2) 1-254. 

Dunkel VC, Zeiger E, Brusick D, et al. 1985. Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays. II. Testing of carcinogen and noncarcinogens in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Environ Mutagen (SuppI 5) 7 1-248. 

H.S. Simmon, V.F. (1984) Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays 1. Testing... 

Washburn KS et al., A study of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene uptake and activation in a microbial mutagenicity assay, Chemosphere, 44,1703, 2001. 

W. S. Barnes and E. J. Klekowski, Jr., Testing the environment for dispersed mutagens Use of plant bioconcentrators coupled with microbial mutagen assays. Presented at Higher Plant Systems as Monitors of Environmental Mutagens, a workshop co-sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the Department of Energy, Marineland, Florida, January 16-18, 1978, Environ. Health Perspect. 21, 61-67 (1978). 

Mahon, G.A.T., Green, M.H.L., Middleton, B., Mitchell, I.DeG., Robinson, W.D. and Tweats, D.J. (1989). Analysis of data from microbial colon assays. In Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data (Kirkland, D.J., Ed.). Cambridge University Press, pp. 26-65. 

Three primary tests are incorporated in the health effects area. The microbial mutagenesis assay is based on the property of selected Salmonella typhimurium mutants to revert from a histidine requiring state to prototrophy due to exposre to various classes of mutagens. The test can detect nanogram quantities of mutagens and has been adapted to mimic some mammalian metabolic processes by the addition of a mammalian liver microsomal fraction. The test is used as a primary screen to determine the mutagenic activity of complex mixtures or component fractions. 

Microbial mutagenicity of streptozotocin in animal-mediated assays. Nature 221 68-70, 1969. 

Alachlor does not appear to be mutagenic. Mutagenicity assays with a variety of microbial strains at numerous concentrations of alachlor were all negative. 

No evidence of genotoxicity was observed in vitro with or without metabolic activation in the following assays microbial mutagen tests using mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli, Chinese hamster ovary forward mutation assay, unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes, chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and spindle inhibition in human lymphocytes. In addition, there was no evidence of genotoxicity in vivo in a mouse micronucleus test there was equivocal evidence of mutagenicity in a mouse domi nant lethal test. 

TABLE 5. Pesticides Assayed in Microbial Mutagenicity Testing"... 

Sephadex LH-20 gel column with isopropanol followed by acetone. About 90% of the basic mutagenic activity is recovered in the acetone subfraction, which comprises approximately 0.5 wt% of the crude oil. Development of this separation scheme (Figure 5) was made possible by use of microbial mutagenesis assays as the detector during exploratory liquid chromatographic separations. Table 7 lists some of the preliminary data from these studies. 

In studies with crude oils and effluents from synthetic fuel technology, we have used additional microbial assays to validate the results from Salmonella. Table 9 summarizes the comparative mutagenesis of selected test fractions in a variety of mutagenicity assays. 

Genotoxicity. No in vivo studies were found in humans or animals following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to endrin. Microbial assays and one mammalian cell assay have demonstrated that endrin does not have mutagenic potential with or without metabolic activation (Ames et al. 1975 Glatt et al. 

DEHP was not mutagenic in a wide variety of microbial and mammalian genotoxic assays. ... 

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