Microalgae methods

Fuiubayashi, M., Umeno, D. Directed evolution of carotenoid synthases for the production of unnatural carotenoids. In Microbial Carotenoids from Bacteria and Microalgae Methods and Protocols, Barredo, J. (Ed.), Springer USA, 2012, pp. 245-253. 

Other kinds of bloassays have been used to detect the presence of specific allelochemical effects (8), effects on N2 fIxatlon (9), the presence of volatile compounds (10) and of Inhibitory substances produced by marine microalgae (11). Putnam and Duke (12) have summarized the extraction techniques and bioassay methods used In allelopathy research. Recent developments In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of allelochemlcals from plant extracts dictates the need for bloassays with sensitivity to low concentrations of compounds contained In small volumes of eluent. Einhellig at al. (13) described a bloassay using Lemna minor L. growing In tissue culture cluster dish wells that maximizes sensitivity and minimizes sample requirements. 

The book is divided into 3 sections. Section I.Cellular Model Systems, includes 3 chapters (Allelopathy and plant cell diagnostics, Cellular models as biosensors and microalgae for determining the effects of allelochemicals). Section II. New Methods of Microscopy has 5 chapters (Microscopic methods to study morpho-cytological events during the seed germination,... 

The occurrence of toxic compounds in plant tissues is not necessarily related to allelopathy. Allelopathy should be evidenced through experiments in which a toxic product is shown to be released from the putative aggressor, and arrives at the putative victim in functional concentrations under reasonably natural conditions (Inderjit and Callaway 2003). First of all, laboratory experiments dealing with allelopathy should demonstrate the release of a compound in the medium. Two methods to collect allelchemicals released by laboratory cultures of macrophyte or microalgae are described in Sections 5 and 6. 

III. End Point test The method for testing the toxicity of a compound (end point test) has been developed for the green microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (EPA, OECD), but can be extended to a wide range of microalgae. The method is summarized below ... 

With advances in methods of isolation and cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria, and the striking bioactivity of other microbial metabolites, research into the chemistry of culturable algae has escalated since the 1990s. Metabolites from these... 

APHA-AWWA-WPCF, Clesceri, Greenberg and Trussel (Eds.), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th Edn., 1989. EEC Directive 92/32/EEC (1992/04/30) Seventh amendment of Directive 67/548/EEC. C.3 Microalgae growth inhibition test. 

Because of their considerable role in human wellfare, carotenoids have been measured not only in plants as primary sources and in human and animal tissues but also in a wide variety of other matrices to find new and economical sources for carotenoids. Thus, the carotenoid accumulation capacity of algae and microalgae have been vigorously investigated. A validated liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry method have been developed and employed for the separation and quantitative determination of... 

As the biofuels industry evolves to more complex processes (e.g., involving microbial biotransformations) PAT will become more important both in scale-up and process operation, specially to nondestructively assess process performance (e.g., oil content of microalgae in snbmerged cnltivation) and accomplish prodnct release cheaper and faster than today s one-CQA-at-a-time methods. 

In spite of yielding a lower CL intensity, the oxidation of luminol (124) by H2O2, catalyzed with Cr(II) ions in a FIA system is claimed to be a viable alternative to HPR catalysis, as it avoids the enzyme instability and high price. LOD is 40 nM. The method was tested for determination of H2O2 produced in vitro by various microalgae species (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella fusca and Monoraphidium brauniif. ... 

M. Rigobello-Masini and J. C. Masini, Application of Modified Gian Functions and Derivative Methods to Potentiometric Acid Titration Studies of the Distribution of Inorganic Carbon Species in Cultivation Medium of Marine Microalgae, Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 448, 239. 

Murphy CD, Moore RM, White RM (2000) An Isotope Labeling Method for Determining Production of Volatile Organohalogens by Marine Microalgae. Limnol Oceanogr 45 1868... 

Revsbech, N.P. and 3j8rgensen, B.B., 1981. Primary production of microalgae in sediments measured by oxygen microprofile, H 1 003" fixation, and oxygen exchange methods. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26 717-730. 

S. Geresh, A. Mamontov, and J. Weinstein, Sulfation of extracellular polysaccharides of red microalgae Preparation, characterization and properties, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 50 (2002) 179-187. 

The principles of sonochemistry can also be applied to disrupt different species of oil-bearing microalgae cells. Detailed experimental results are necessary to support the cost-effectiveness and industrial scale applicability of ultrasound for microbial lipid extraction, and subsequent biodiesel production in comparison to conventional methods (Mata et al., 2010). 

Allard, B., Templier, J., and Largeau, C. (1998). An improved method for the isolation of artifact-free algaenans from microalgae. Org. Geochem. 28(9/10), 543-548. 

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