Micro total chemical analysis system

Micro Total Chemical Analysis Systems (p-TASs). 253... 

Micro total chemical analysis system (/i-TAS) and lab-on-a-chip are recent terms. Commonly, they are used for analytical systems with flowing streams. The development of such systems started with attempts to scale down traditional flow-through instruments, including, in particular, chromatographs. When techniques derived from microelectronics became available, the term... 

The term micro total chemical analysis systems (fi-TASs) is used now nearly exclusively for systems with a basic structure described in Chap. 9, Fig. 9.8. A liquid column moves through the device. It is driven either by a micropump or by electroosmosis. This moving column, also called the carrier stream, accepts a small sample volume increment, which is injected at the appropriate position. In the adjacent line, either a separation takes place (this is characteristic for chromatography and electrophoresis) or the sample reacts with ingredients of the carrier stream, thus forming a product which can be indicated. In both cases, at the end of the separation or reaction line, a detector is located which yields a concentration-dependent (better concentration-proportional) signal. 

N., WiDMER, H. M., p-TAS miniaturized total chemical analysis systems, in Proceedings of the Micro Total Analysis System Workshop, pp. 5-27 (Nov. 1994), Enschede, The Netherlands. 

Microfluidic concepts can be used to develop an integrated total chemical analysis system (TAS) [40], which include sample preparation, separation, and detection. The microminiaturization of a TAS onto a monolithic structure produces a //-TAS that resembles a small sensor. The first /(-TAS was a micro-gas chromatograph (GC) fabricated on a 5-in. silicon wafer in 1979 by a group at Stanford University [41]. Since then, developments in micromachining has led to the development of microsensors, microreactors,... 

Manz,A., Verpoorte, E., Raymond, D.E., Effenhauser, C.S., Burggraf, N., Widmer, H.M., pTAS-miniaturized total chemical analysis system. Micro Total Analysis Systems 94, Proceedings of the pTAS 94 Workshop, University of Twente, Netherlands, 21-22 Nov. 1994, 1995, 5-27. 

Lu H, Schmidt MA, Jensen KF (2001) Photochemical Reactions and On-Line UV Detection in Microfabricated Reactors. Lab Chip 1 22-28 Manz A, Harrison DJ, Verpoorte EMJ, Fettinger JC, Ludi H, Widmer HM (1991) Miniaturization of Chemical-Analysis Systems - A Look into next Century Technology or just a Fashionable Craze. Chimia 45 103-105 McCreedy T (1999) Reducing the Risks of Synthesis. Chem Ind 15 588-590 McCreedy T (2000) Fabrication Techniques and Materials Commonly Used for the Production of Microreactors and Micro Total Analytical Systems. Trac Trends Anal Chem 19 396-401... 

Frye-Mason, G., Kottenstette, R.J., Heller, E.J., Matzke, C.M., Casalnuovo, S.A., Lewis, P.R., Manginell, R.P., Schubert, W.K., Hietala, V.M., Shul, R.J., Integrated chemical analysis systems for gas phase CW agent detection. Micro Total Analysis Systems 98, Proceedings pTAS 98 Workshop, Banff, Canada, 13-16 Oct. 1998, 477M81. 

Frye-Mason, G., Kottenstette, R., Mowry, C., Morgan, C., Manginell, R., Lewis, R, Matzke, C., Dulleck, G., Anderson, L., Adkins, D., Expanding the capabilities and applications of gas phase miniature chemical analysis systems (pChemLab). Micro Total Analysis Systems, Proceedings 5th i.TAS Symposium, Monterey, CA, Oct. 21-25, 2001, 658-660. 

A rapid vortex micromixer for studying high-speed chemical reactions, in Ramsey, J. M., van den Berg, A. (Eds.), Micro Total Analysis Systems, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2001, 25-27. 

Several techniques for miniaturization of simple chemical and medical analysis systems are described. Miniaturization of total analysis systems realizes a small sample volume, a fast response and reduction of reagents. These features are useful in chemical and medical analysis. During the last decade many micro flow control devices, as well as the micro chemical sensors fabricated by three dimensional microfabrication technologies based on photofabrication, termed micromachining, have been developed. Miniaturized total analysis systems (pTAS) have been studied and some prototypes developed. In microfabricated systems, microfluidics , which represent the behavior of fluids in small sized channels, are considered and are very important in the design of micro elements used in pTAS. In this chapter microfluidics applied flow devices, micro flow control devices of active and passive microvalves, mechanical and non-mechanical micropumps and micro flow sensors fabricated by micromachining are reviewed. 

Micro flow control devices open new possibilities for the miniaturization of conventional chemical and biochemical analysis systems. The micro total analysis system (pTAS) including microfabricated detectors (e.g. silicon based chemical sensors, optical sensors), micro flow control devices and control/detec-tion circuits is a practical micro electro mechanical system (MEMS). pTAS realize very small necessary sample volume, fast response and the reduction of reagents which is very useful in chemical and medical analysis. Two approaches of monolithic and hybrid integration of these devices have been studied. Monolithic and hybrid types of flow injection analysis (FIA) systems were already demonstrated [4, 5]. The combination of the partly integrated components and discrete components is useful in many cases [6]. To fabricate such systems, bonding and assembling methods play very important roles [7]. 

Fig.l. Setup of a simple micro total analysis system for chemical analysis... 

Brivio, M., Tas, N.R., Fokkens, R.H., Sanders, R.G.P., Verboom, W., Reindhoudt, D.N., van de Berg, A., Chemical microreactors in combination with mass spectrometry. Micro Total Analysis Systems, Proceedings 5th lTAS Symposium, Monterey, CA, Oct. 21-25, 2001. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2001, 329-330. 

Jackman, R.J., Floyd, T.M., Schmidt, M.A., Fensen, K.F., Development of methods for on-line chemical detection with liquid-phase microchemical reactors using conventional and unconventional techniques. Micro Total Analysis Systems, Proceedings of the 4th pTAS1 Symposium, Enschede, Netherlands, May 14-18, 2000, 155-158. 

Weigl, B.H., Holl, M.R., Schutte, D., Brody, J.P., Yager, P., Diffusion-based optical chemical detection in silicon flow structure. Micro Total Analysis Systems 96, Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on pTAS, Basel, 19-22 Nov. 1996, 174-184. 

Hattori, A., Yamaguchi, H., Yamaguchi, J., Matsuoka, Y., Kanki, S., Fukuzawa, T., Miwa, T., Totama, M., Tokeshi, M., Kitamori, T., Practical studies on compact photo-thermal lens spectroscopy detection system with micro chemical chip. Micro Total Analysis Systems 2003, Proceedings 7th pTAS Symposium, Squaw Valley, CA, Oct. 5-9, 2003, 359-362. 

Hibara, A., Kasai, K., and Miyaguchi, H., et al. Novel two-phase flow control concept and multi-step extraction microchip, in "Proceedings of Micro Total Analysis Systems 2008" (L. E. Locascio, M. Gaitan, B. M. Paegel, D. J. Ross, W. N. Vreeland Eds.), pp. 1326-1328. Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society, San Diego, USA, (2008). 

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