Methylphenidate attention deficit/hyperactivity

Daytrana Methylphenidate Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Shire Pharmaceuticals... 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A learning and behavioural disorder characterised by reduced attention span and hyperactivity. ADHD is a diagnosis applied to young children and is typically treated with the amphetamine derivative methylphenidate (Ritalin). 

The answer is a. (Hardman, p 22L Katzang, p L3L) Methylphenidate is similar to amphetamine and acts as a CN5 stimulant, with more pronounced effects on mental than on motor activities. It is effective in the treatment of narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. 

Dresel, S., Krause, J., Krause, K. H. et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder binding of 99mTc TRODAT-1 to the dopamine transporter before and after methylphenidate treatment. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27 1518-1524,2000. 

Dopamine-Stimulating Medications. A variety of drugs that increase the availability of dopamine have been studied in cocaine addicts including L-DOPA, bupropion, amantadine, and methylphenidate. In small uncontrolled trials, these have shown some benefit, but definitive studies have yet to be performed. In addition, some dopamine-stimulating medications (in particular, the stimulants like methylphenidate or the amphetamines) are themselves subject to abuse, though, of note, this is typically not a problem when they are prescribed to patients who do not have a history of substance abuse such as, for example, in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. 

APPROVED TREATMENTS FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AMPHETAMINE (ADDERALL ), METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN ), AND ATOMOXETINE (STRATERRA )... 

The therapeutic indications for the psychomotor stimulants are quite limited. They are beneficial in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder with minimal brain dysfunction). This is generally a childhood disease characterized by hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, and impulsive behavior. Amphetamines and the more extensively used methylphenidate paradoxically are quite effective in calming a large proportion of children with this disorder. Pemoline Cylert) is also used in the treatment of attention deficit disorder with hyperkinetic behavior. The mechanism by which these compounds are effective in this disorder is not known. 

A child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and conduct disorder is treated with 45 mg/d of methylphenidate and 2 mg/d of risperidone. A new diagnosis of complex partial seizures is made and the child is started on carbamazepine. About 10 days after the initiation of carbamazepine, the child develops withdrawal dyskinesias of mouth and tongue. After discontinuation of carbamazepine, the movements last for 1 week. 

Vaidya, C.J., Austin, G., Kirkorian, G., Ridlehuber, H.W., Desmond, J.E., et al. (1998) Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95 14494—14499. 

Klein, R., Abikoff, H., Klass, E., Ganales, D., Seese, L., and Pollack, S. (1997) Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 1073—1080. 

Rapport, M.D., DuPaul, G.J., and Kelly, K.I. (1989) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and methylphenidate the relationship between gross body weight and drug response in children. Psycho-pharm Bull, 25 285-290. 

Swanson, J., Gupta, S., Guinta, D., Flynn, D., Agler, D., Lerner, M., Williams, L., Shoulson, I., Wigal, S. (1999a) Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Clin Pharmacol Pher 66 295-305. 

Barrickman, L.L., Perry, P.J., Allen, A.J., Kuperman, S., Arndt, S.V., Herrmann, K.J., and Schumacher, E. (1995) Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 649-657. 

Buitelaar, J.K., Van der Gaag, R.J., Swaab-Barneveld, J.T, and Kui-per, M. (1996) Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side effects. / Child Psychol Psychiatry 37 587-595. 

Barkley, R.A., McMurray, M.B., Edelbrock, C.S., and Robbins, K. (1990) Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics 86 184-192. 

Hinshaw, S., Heller, T. and McHale, J. (1992). Covert antisocial behavior in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder external validation and effects of methylphenidate. / Consult Clini Psychol 60 274-281. 

A. D., McBride, M.C., and Loeb, S. (1989) Comparative effects of methylphenidate on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without aggressive/noncompliant features. Psychophar-macol Bull 25 109—113. 

Murphy, D., Pelham, W., and Lang, A. (1992) Aggression in boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder Methylphenidate effects on naturalistically observed aggression, response to provocation, and social information processing. J Abnorm Child Psychol 20 451-466. 

Pelham, W., Greenslade, K., Vodde-Hamilton, M., Murphy, D., Greenstein, J., Gnagy, E., Guthrie, K., Hoover, M., and Dahl, R. (1990) Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics 86 226-237. 

Spencer, X, Wilens, X, Biederman, J., Earaone, S.V. Ablon, J.S. and Tapey, K. (1995) A double-blind, crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo in adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 434—443. 

Gadow, K.D., Sverd, J., Sprafkin, J., Nolan, E.E., and Grossman, S. (1999) Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 330-336. 

Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with com-orbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 330—336. 

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder DD, developmental disabilities DEX, dexedrine MPH, methylphenidate N, total number of subjects in entire study n, number of preschool-age subjects in study SE, side effect. 

Biederman J, Quinn D, Weiss M, et al Efficacy and safety of Ritalin LA, a new, once daily, extended-release dosage form of methylphenidate, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Paediatr Drugs 5 833-841, 2003... 

Greenhill LL, Findling RL, Swanson JM, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modified-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 109 E39, 2002a... 

Lopez F, Silva R, Pestreich L, et al Comparative efficacy of two once daily methylphenidate formulations (Ritalin LA and Concerta) and placebo in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the school day. Paediatr Drugs 5 545-555, 2003... 

Wolraich ML, Greenhill LL, Pelham WE, et al Randomized, controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate once a day in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 108 883-892, 2001... 

According to Saletu (1976), latencies of primary and secondaty responses are shortened after stimulants. Methylphenidate was reported to enhance P300 amplitudes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Jonkman et al., 2000). and whether the compound has similar effects in healthy volunteers is not known. The amplitude of the CNV was reported to be increased after stimulants, although the opposite effect has also been observed in some studies. 

The most important clinical use of amphetamine-like stimulants is for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Methylphenidate, the drug... 

Gray. J.R.. Kagan, J. The challenge of predicting which children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder will respond positively to methylphenidate. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 21, 471-489, 2000. 

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