4- -3-methyl-4 -sulfo

The 8-methylene carbon atom in 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline was activated by the pyrimidine ring, and reacted with formamide and phosphoryl chloride (a Vilsmeier reagent) to form 8-formamidomethylene-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydroquinazoline.197 The latter was also obtained as a by-product in the synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline from cyclohexanone and trisform-amidomethane.1982-Phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline-4(3//)-thione was synthesized from 1-morpholinocyclohex-l-ene and benzoylisothiocyanate. The thione group underwent the usual metathesis reactions.199 2-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline-4(3//)-thione was oxidized with potassium permanganate to 2-methyl-4-sulfo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline, which provided 2-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-4(3//)-one on hydrolysis.145... 

Methyl and Ethyl, 504 9-Fluorenylmethyl, 506 9-(2-Sulfo)fluorenylmethyl, 507 9-(2,7-Dibromo)fluorenylmethyl, 507 17-Tetrabenzo[a,c,gf,/]fluorenylmethyl, 508 2-Chloro-3-indenylmethyl, 508 Benz[f]inden-3-ylmethyl, 508... 

Polyacrylamide may be converted into a sulfo-methyl derivative by condensation with formaldehyde and sodium bisulfite under basic conditions. 

However, it could be expected that the share of the latter group will rise to the same extent as the rising importance of environmental digestibility. It is very possible that in the future the C16/C18 ester sulfonates will partly replace the alkylbenzenesulfonates produced from petrochemical raw material [6,7]. N. R. Smith [8] expects the a-sulfo methyl esters to be an alternative to ethylene-based surfactants. An increase in the production of surfactants based on ethylene is problematic, because in industrial countries ethylene production is occurring at 95% of capacity and more. 

FIG. 1 Critical micelle concentration as a function of the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic rest of sodium a-sulfo fatty acid methyl esters. Methods O, surface tension +, conductivity A, solubilization of a dye x, solubility (all without electrolyte) , surface tension with a constant electrolyte concentration of 5 x 10"2 mol/L. (From Ref. 57.)... 

The ability to disperse the calcium soap formed from a given amount of sodium oleate has been studied for a number of a-sulfo fatty acid esters with 14-22 carbon atoms [28,30]. In principle, the lime soap dispersion property increases with the number of C atoms and the dissymmetry of the molecule. Esters with 14 C atoms have no dispersion power and in the case of esters with 15-17 carbon atoms the least symmetrical are the better lime soap-dispersing agents. However this property does not only depend on the symmetry but on the chain length of the fatty acid group. For example, methyl and ethyl a-sulfomyristate have better dispersing power than dodecyl propionate and butyrate. The esters with 18 and more carbon atoms are about equal in lime soap dispersion power. Isobutyl a-sulfopalmitate is the most effective agent under the test conditions. 

Fig. 7). This lower adsorption of the sodium ct-sulfo fatty methyl esters on kaolin is in accord with their somewhat worse detergency. 

A soap-based powder can be produced in combination with ester sulfonates. Thirty-five percent of a sodium soap mixture (5% lauric acid, 5% myristic acid, 52% palmitic acid, 21% stearic acid, 12% oleic acid, and 5% linoleic acid) is mixed with 15% sodium a-sulfo palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 3% lauric acid ethoxylate, 5% sodium silicate, 17% sodium carbonate, 20% Na2S04- 10H2O, and 5% water [79]. 

A phosphate-free detergent with excellent detergency and improved foaming and rinsing properties consists of 10% sodium a-sulfo hardened beef tallow fatty acid methyl ester, 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 5% a-sulfomyristic acid disodium salt, 10% zeolite, 10% sodium silicate, 10% sodium carbonate, 10% cellulose, 40% Flauber s salt, and 4% water [80]. 

A heavy granular detergent can be produced by mixing a detergent composition with powdered or granular sodium carbonate. A typical detergent comprises 8% sodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 2% di-Na a-sulfopalmitate, 10% Na coconut oil alcohol sulfate, 2% polyethylene... 

For an enzyme-containing detergent the enzyme is added to a detergent composition with esters and disalts of a-sulfo fatty acids. The detergent granular comprises 7 % sodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 5% disodium salt of a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid, 10% sodium a-olefin (C14 18) sulfonate, 10% zeolite, 5% sodium carbonate, 5% water, and 55% sodium sulfate [82]. 

A detergent, imparting better flexibility to cotton cloth is produced by adding 1% sodium a-sulfo hardened tallow fatty acid methyl ester and 9% disodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid to a mixture of 5% sodium n-dodecyl-benzenesulfonate, 5% a-C16-olefmsulfonate, 3% dimethyldistearylammonium chloride, 15% zeolite, 10% sodium silicate, 10% sodium carbonate, 2% soap, 35% Na2S04-7H20, and 5% water [84],... 

Polymer films can be made antistatic with a-sulfonated fatty acid salts and esters [94]. For example, an antistatic additive for polypropylene manufacture can be prepared from potassium methyl a-sulfopalmitate, styrene oligomer, and 2-propanol [95]. The treatment of synthetic fibers and fabrics with a-sulfo-... 

The analytical methods for a-sulfo fatty acid esters reported in the literature deal with the determination of the surfactants in different matrices like detergents or product mixtures from the fabrication. The methyl esters of a-sulfo fatty acids can be separated from a mixture of different surfactants together with sulfonated surfactants by adsorption on an anionic exchanger resin such as Dowex 1X2 or 1X8. Desorption from the exchanger resin is successful with sodium hydroxide (2%) in a 1 1 mixture of isopropanol and water [105]. 

For a further separation of the sulfonated surfactants the latter are heated for 4 h with 2 N HC1. The methyl ester sulfonates are split into methanol and a-sulfo fatty acids, which form disodium salts after neutralization with NaOH. The product mixture from acid hydrolysis can be separated by extraction with petroleum ether. For example, the fatty alcohols formed from fatty alcohol sulfo-... 

D. a-Sulfo fatty acid methyl esters (methyl ester sulfonates) 634... 

D. a-Sulfo Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (Methyl Ester Sulfonates)... 

CN [25-[2a,3 3(Z)]]-2-[[[l-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(2-methyl-4-oxo-l-sulfo-3-azetidinyl)amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid... 

The conformation of nonsulfated L-idosyluronic acid residues is a controversial issue, especially on account of a possible role of the 2-O-sulfo substituent in determining the relative orientation of biologically relevant groups. However, the interproton coupling-constants observed for (nonsulfated) methyl a-D-idopyranosiduronic acid131 and dermatan sulfate350 are essentially the same as those of the sulfated L-iduronate resi-... 

SMPT, succinimidyloxycarbonyl-a-methyl-a-(2-pyridyldithio)toluene, contains an NHS ester end and a pyridyl disulfide end similar to SPDP, but its hindered disulfide makes conjugates formed with this reagent more stable (Thorpe et al., 1987) (Chapter 5, Section 1.2). The reagent is especially useful in forming immunotoxin conjugates for in vivo administration (Chapter 21, Section 2.1). A water-soluble analog of this crosslinker containing an extended spacer arm is also commercially available as sulfo-LC-SMPT (Thermo Fisher). 

---