Method according to ASTM

The concentrations of alkali metals and chlorine were determined directly for the fuel samples using a inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry apparatus in order to analyse sodium and potassium contents. Chlorine content was determined by Eschka method according to ASTM D2361-66. The concentrations are given on dry basis (table 1). 

Weight measurements are not usefijl to evaluate pitting corrosion since a small number of pits can penetrate the reactor wall and cause failme with very small weight loss. Table 7.1 lists pit depth measmement methods according to ASTM G 46-94 [5]. 

The fibre weight fractions of the prepreg were determined by the ashing method in a furnace at 550°C until no change in weight was noted while their densities measured by displacement method according to ASTM D792-66. 

The methods according to ASTM E 689-79, and to Borchardt and Daniels apply data from DSC or DTA test runs, whereas the methods according to Flynn and Wall, and to McCarty and Green are based upon the use of data fi om thermogravimetty. For the... 

Arrhenius equation gives the best description of the dependence of the reaction rate upon the temperature, for pyrolysis (cracking) and oxidation reactions. It is possible to extrapolate the reaction rate constant and the half life time to higher or lower temperatures. Therefore the coefficients of the Arrhenius equation, (activation energy E and the frequency (pre-exponential) factor A) were determined using the method according to ASTM E... 

The draft of the Varnishing Plant Regulation follows the US method according to ASTM D 3960-121 in determining the VOC content. 

In order to evaluate the acoustic properties of the various formulated composites, the sound absorption coefficients were determined by the impedance tube method according to ASTM E 1050-12. A soxmd absorption coefficients and impedance measurements instruments (Figure 16.3) made by Walen Audio Technologies, Maharashtra, India was adopted. The sample diameter was 100 mm, and each value represented the average of six samples. The soxmd absorption coefficients were measured in six frequencies 100, 200,400, 800,1600 and 3200 Hz. 

Different mandrel rotational speeds, consolidation pressures, and preheating and consolidation temperatures were used to manufacture pipes from towpregs and to verify the influence of these processing parameters on the mechanical properties. The circumferential tensile strength of the pipes was tested in an Instron 4505 machine using the split disk test method according to ASTM 2290 at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. 

The fiber mass fraction, and the flexural and tensile properties of the continuous fiber-reinforced composites produced by various techniques were determined according to ISO 1172, ISO 178, and EN 60, respectively. The split disk test method according to ASTM 2290 was employed to determine the circumferential strength and modulus of the pipes produced by filament winding. 

Standard test methods have been developed for measuring the aforesaid properties. Since the property values are highly dependent on the specimen preparation, equipment, and testing techniques used, it is essential to refer to the appropriate official standard test methods when executing the worL Chapter 2 presents schematically (in simplified form) the bases of many of these standard test methods, according to ASTM and BS 2782 specifications, to indicate broadly the principles involved. 

Density. Density of LLDPE is measured by flotation in density gradient columns according to ASTM D1505-85. The most often used Hquid system is 2-propanol—water, which provides a density range of 0.79—1.00 g/cm. This technique is simple but requires over 50 hours for a precise measurement. The correlation between density (d) and crystallinity (CR) is given hy Ijd = CRj + (1 — Ci ) / d, where the density of the crystalline phase, ify, is 1.00 g/cm and the density of the amorphous phase, is 0.852—0.862 g/cm. Ultrasonic methods (Tecrad Company) and soHd-state nmr methods (Auburn International, Rheometrics) have been developed for crystallinity and density measurements of LLDPE resins both in pelletized and granular forms. 

X-cut According to ASTM D 3359, method A, an X is cut into the film to the substrate, pressure tape (TESAPACK 4287) is applied over the X and then removed, and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and pictures. The method is used to establish whether the adhesion failure of the coating to the substrate may occur between the coats (adhesive break) or in the coating (cohesive break). 

Panels of high strength aluminum alloy (7075-T6) were used in this study. The panels were approximately 10 x 3 x 0.032 inch (25 x 7.5 x 0.08 cm) in size. The test environments for coating evaluation were (1) a 5% NaCl spray (fog) chamber according to ASTM Standard Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing (B117-73), and (2) a modified 5% NaCl/S02 spray (fog) chamber with SO gas introduced periodically - ASTM Standard Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing (G85-84(A4)). In the latter case, a constant spray of 5% NaCl was maintained in the chamber and SO2 was introduced for one hour four tines a day (every 6 hours)( ). Coated test panels were examined for corrosion after one- and two- eek exposure periods. 

Analysis Methods. Unless otherwise specified, the average molecular weights were obtained by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) in benzene according to ASTM D2503. For the aromatic fractions, an average molecular weight is also obtained by H NMR and reported in the respective tables. 

Measuring Methods. Chlorine content was determined by the oxygen flask method (2) on a polymer purified by precipitation from the solution in cyclohexanone. Thermal stability, as HC1 evolution, was determined according to ASTM method D-793-49, determining the quantity of HC1 evolved by the polymer maintained at 180 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. From the slope of the straight line for the amount of HC1 evolved with time, the constant K for the dehydrochlorination rate (DHC) is deduced. 

From the compounds, roll-milled at 185°C for 10 minutes, the test specimens were machined into proper size and shape from compression molded sheets. All tests were carried out according to ASTM methods, and the data are presented in Table IX. 

Drill to the desired depth and retrieve the auger. Attach the split spoon sampler with 3 liners inside to the sampling rod and insert into the boring. Drive the split spoon sampler further down the borehole according to ASTM Method D1586. 

Composite formulations were prepared as follows The straw samples as received from INEEL were ground to 0.69 mm in a hammer mill and oven dried to 1.1% moisture. The dried straw samples were then blended with various amounts of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), lubricants, and maleated polyethylene blends (MAPE) (see Table 2). The mixed formulations were then extruded with a 35-mm Cincinnati Milacron Model CMT 35 counterrotating conical twin screw extruder (Cincinnati Milacron, Batavia, OH), which produced a 9.525 x 38.1 mm2 solid cross-section. Flexural strength, density, and water sorption were measured for the extruded samples according to ASTM Standard Methods (13,14). 

MEASUREMENTS OF properties. Water-leaf handsheets at a basis weight of about 75 g/m were prepared from the BP and UBP pulps using a Williams Standard Sheet Mould. Solubility in hot-l%-sodium hydroxide was determined by TAPPI method T212 om 83. Intrinsic viscosity in cuene (cupraethylenediamine solution) and, therefrom, the DPV were determined according to ASTM Standard D1795. 

Property Measurements. All silk samples were conditioned prior to testing at 65% RH and 21°C according to ASTM Test Method D 1776-79, "Standard Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing." (8) Tensile properties were determined on an Instron Model 4201 Universal Testing Instrument. Tensile test data were recorded and stored for reanalysis using Instron software, "General Tensile Test, Revision D."... 

Analysis. The heating value, ash content, and sulfur distribution of the raw and treated coals were determined according to ASTM procedures (7). Iron in the extracts of the raw and treated coals was determined by titration with a cerium (IV) solution. Iron in the residues from the acid extractions of the raw and treated coals was determined spectrophotometrically using ferrozine (20). The liquid extracts were analyzed for total sulfur (as sulfate) by ion chromatography after separation of the sulfate from nitrate on an alumina column (21). Nitrogen was determined in the raw and treated coal and in their nitric acid-extracted residues by a modified Kjeldahl method. 

Density measurements were made at 23 °C on spherical neat resins of 5 mm diameter using the flotation method in accordance to ASTM D-1505. The density gradient column (Model DC-1) was supplied by Techne Incorporated, Princeton, New Jersey. Calcium nitrate column was set up which could measure density accurately ranging from 1.210 to 1.290. 

Folding Endurance Tests. Measurements were performed on a Tinius-Olsen model no. 2 instrument (also known as a folding endurance tester (MIT)) according to ASTM method D-2176-63T on samples cut in the same machine direction. 

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