Displacement method

True Density or Specific Gravity. The average mass per unit volume of the individual particles is called the tme density or specific gravity. This property is most important when volume or mass of the filled composition is a key performance variable. The tme density of fillers composed of relatively large, nonporous, spherical particles is usually determined by a simple Hquid displacement method. Finely divided, porous, or irregular fillers should be measured using a gas pycnometer to assure that all pores, cracks, and crevices are penetrated. 

Measured results of effectiveness and turbulent mixing are presented In literature by Bach (several air distribution methods) and Hagstrom et al. (mixing air distribution methods in zoning strategy).A typical example of an air distribution method and device in the zoning strategy is the so-called active displacement method, which is based on a nozzle duct device. ... 

Successive approximation methods, 59 Successive displacements, method of, 61... 

Swanson, B.L. "Oil Displacement Method Using Shear Thickening Compositions," US Patent 4,289,203(1981). 

If the resin were insufficiently dried, the moisture present could cause voids within the molded part. This happens when the water evaporates and leaves open spaces. One effect of voids can be a lower bulk density. Bulk density was measured by the displacement method in accordance with ASTM D792 [7], and was found to be substantially equivalent for the two samples, as shown in Table 12. 

In a closely related study, Tung and Sun discussed the microwave-assisted liquid-phase synthesis of chiral quinoxalines [80], Various L-a-amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides were coupled to MeOPEG-bound ortho-fluoronitrobenzene by the aforementioned ipso-fluoro displacement method. Reduction under microwave irradiation resulted in spontaneous synchronous intramolecular cyclization to the corresponding l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ones (Scheme 7.71). Retention of the chiral moiety could not be monitored during the reaction, but after release of the desired products it was found that about 10% of the product had undergone racemization. 

Another way to extract pore water is to use a displacement method, which is usually applied in the laboratory. In this method, a solvent immiscible with water is applied to the soil in a column or centrifuge tube, and gravity or centrifugation is used to move the solvent through the soil, displacing pore water. The displaced water can then be separated from the immiscible liquid and analyzed. 

In the absence of energetic interaction such factor is the entropy of mixing. It can be estimated via the numbers of displacement methods of the all chains links into iw-ball with the exception of a displacement links in every chains (mN) /(N )m. From this under the Stirling s approximation we will obtain the expression for the entropy of mixing ASC in... 

Asymmetric introduction of azide to the a-position of a carbonyl has been achieved by several methods. These include amine to azide conversion by diazo transfer,2 chiral enolate azidation,3 and displacement of optically active trifluoromethanesulfonates,4 p-nitrobenzenesulfonates,5 or halides.6 Alkyl 2-azidopropionates have been prepared in optically active form by diazo transfer,2 p-nitrobenzenesulfonate displacement,5 and the Mitsunobu displacement using zinc azide.7 The method presented here is the simplest of the displacement methods since alcohol activation and displacement steps occur in the same operation. In cases where the a-hydroxy esters are available, this would be the simplest method to introduce azide. 

While the individual components of the mixture may be separated from each other, they will all be contaminated to some extent with the eluting solute. Techniques such as ion-exchange chromatography and various types of adsorption and affinity chromatographies are examples of displacement methods. 

Pathway (a) in situ polymerization, (b) polymer direct incorporation, (c) restacking or reconstruction, and (d) guest displacement method. 

Eqs. (3.20) and (3.21) are called the load method and displacement method (Hashemi et al., 1989), respectively, since only load and displacement records corresponding to crack lengths are required to evaluate the Gic values, once the flexural modulus E of the beam is known. These equations also apply to the WTDCB specimens where the ratio of the crack length to width, a/b, is constant. 

T riethylenetetramine H2O pH 4 Pd"L2 u.v.-visible spectra Composition PdL2 determined by equilibrium-displacement method, from decrease in intensity of Pd -Arsenazo indicator system when L added. b... 

For systems, which cannot be marked easily, the displacement method is an alternative, in particular for low concentration ranges (36). This is a modification of isotachophoresis, because current flow is not constant with time and field strength is a function of the position along the capillary. Instead of analyte peaks, profiles are obtained (Fig. 6a) as injection and separation are carried out in one step. Although this method is not suitable for all micellar systems, one outstanding advantage is the higher UV sensitivity (which is important for most surface-active compounds). Because of the reliance of the method on displacement, the micellar phase is not diluted. 

KP and v can, in contrast to kp, not be determined via the concentration gradient for binary and ternary mixed micelles, because for the calculation of the Nemstian distribution a constant CMC and an almost constant partial molar volume must be assumed. The calculation of aggregation constants of simple bile salt systems based on Eq. (4) yields similar results (Fig. 8b). Assuming the formation of several concurrent complexes, a brutto stability constant can be calculated. For each application of any tenside, suitable markers have to be found. The completeness of dissolution in the micellar phase is, among other parameters, dependent on the pH value and the ionic strength of the counterions. Therefore, the displacement method should be used, which is not dependent on the chemical solubilization properties of markers. For electrophoretic MACE studies, it is advantageous for the micellar constitution (structure of micelle, type of phase micellar or lamellar) to be known for the relevant range of concentrations (surfactant, lipids). 

Ribeiro, H.S., Chu, B.S., Ichikawa, S., Nakajima, M. (2008). Preparation of nanodispersions containing P-carotene by solvent displacement method. Food Hydrocolloids, 22, 12-17. 

The anomalous phase-displacement method detects essentially a polar axis this means that it can detect lack of centrosymmetry in general, for all non-centrosymmetric crystals have polar directions. For instance, although crystal class 4 is not usually referred to as a polar class (for its fourfold axis is not polar), nevertheless, except for the fourfold axis and all directions normal to it, all other directions are polar (see International Tables, 1952, p. 43), and the corresponding regions of the reciprocal lattice will therefore show the intensity differences which have been described. 

Density. Density measurements using the helium displacement method yield values between 1.8 and 2.1 g/cm3 for different types of carbon black. A mean density value of 1.86 g/cm3 is commonly used for the calculation of electron microscopic surface areas. Graphitization raises the density to 2.18 g/cm3. The lower density with respect to graphite (2.266 g/cm3) is due to slightly greater layer distances. 

Particle Density. Particle density was measured by a Hg displacement method at atmospheric pressure. The simple equipment has been described (13). 

There are also nonthematic methods that allow the formation of acylenzymes under conditions where they are stable, so that they can be stored in a syringe in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. For example, it is possible to synthesize certain nonspecific acylenzymes and store them at low pH.9 12 When they are restored to high pH, they are found to deacylate at the rate expected from the steady state kinetics. This approach has been extended to cover specific acylenzymes. When acyl-L-tryptophan derivatives are incubated with chymotrypsin at pH 3 to 4, the acylenzyme accumulates. The solution may then be pH-jumped by mixing it with a concentrated high-pH buffer in the stopped-flow spectrophotometer.1314 The deacylation rate has been measured by the proflavin displacement method and by using furylacrylolyl compounds. 

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