Metastasis of colorectal cancer

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Formation of regional lymph node metastasis can be an important step in dissemination of cancer cells. In colorectal cancer, lymph node metastasis frequently occurs in patients (7, 8) and is an important factor in staging the disease. In particular, the metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR number of metastatic lymph nodes/number of examined lymph nodes) is predictive of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in colorectal cancer patients (9, 10). Hence, an animal model of colorectal cancer with measurable lymphatic metastasis that allows for rapid evaluation of the effects of candidate treatment regimens on primary tumor growth and lymph node metastasis would be of great value. 

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Xu Q, Guo L, Gu X, Zhang B, Hu X, Zhang J, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer liver metastasis by exploiting liver immunity via chitosan-TPP/nanoparticles formulated with lL-12. Biomaterials. 2012 33(15) 3909 18. 

Fig. 20.1. Restaging in a patient with known history of colorectal cancer and rising tumour markers. The lesion in VI segment was already known and considered as residual, non-active metastasis after chemotherapy. While on contrast-enhanced CT and unenhanced MR only the known lesion could be appreciated, the Gd-chelate enhanced MR revealed the loco-regional recurrence (arrowhead)...

Fig. 20.5. Work-up for potential local resection of hepatic metastases (arrowheads) in a patient with known history of colorectal cancer. FDG-PET revealed an extraluminal recurrence plus a distant para-aortic lymph node metastasis (arrows), changing the prior planned therapy regimen significantly...

Fig. 25.8. The graph shows the applied energy per metastasis for colorectal cancer liver metastases, liver metastases from breast cancer and hepatocellular tumors for lesions 2 cm or less in diameter, lesions between 2 and 3 cm, lesions between 3 and 4 cm and lesions larger than 4 cm in diameter. Values are expressed as mean plus/minus standard error of mean, which is the measurement of how much the value of the mean may vary from sample to sample taken from the same distribution. It is the standard deviation ofthe distribution of all possible means, if samples of the same size are repeatedly taken...

Minoo, P., Zlobec, I., Baker, K., Tornillo, L., Terracciano, L., Jass, J.R., andLugli, A. (2007). Loss of raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein expression is associated with tumor progression and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 127, 820-827. 

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Approximately 20% of patients with colorectal cancer present with metastatic disease. The most common site of metastasis is the liver, followed by the lungs, and then bones. 

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