Salt, metallic

In the standard procedure employed in our laboratory, water-soluble compounds are dissolved in culture medium. Dimethylsulfoxide is routinely used for compounds insoluble in water, although other solvents may be necessary for 

Reported Target Hamster cell LTD nDT Bacterial activity culture transformation ( tg/ml) (/ig/ml) mutagenesis 

Chemical Reported activity T arget culture Hamster cell transformation LTD (Mg/ml) Bacterial mutagenesis 

The results of this study show that there is excellent correlation of cell transformation with the reported carcinogenicity of several classes of chemicals. As with the bacterial mutagenesis system, the correlation is not complete, since several chemicals were not detected in the direct test. The addition of hamster liver homogenates or hamster hepatocytes to provide metabolic activation appears to be a useful modification of the system to minimize or eliminate false-negative results. 

In this series of bioassay experiments, several carcinogens failed to transform certain batches of hamster embryo cells, presumably because of a lack of endogenous enzymes required for the metabolic activation of these compounds. In short-term bacterial and mammalian cell mutagenesis systems, these enzymes are routinely provided by the addition of rat liver homogenates. As mentioned earlier, diethylnitrosamine and urethane, which failed to transform hamster embryo cells directly, were activated in a host-mediated in vivo-in vitro cell transformation assay in which the chemicals were inoculated intraperitoneally. In our laboratory, when A -2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-aminoazobenzene, auramine, diethylnitrosamine, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazoben-zene, Natulan, 2-nitrofluorene, p-rosaniline, and urethane were tested in the presence of hamster liver homogenates and appropriate cofactors, all except 4-aminoazobenzene gave positive results. The liver homogenates were prepared from hamsters that were not treated with enzyme inducers such as Aroclor 1254 or phenobarbital. 

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Dissolves in alkaline solutions to give purple-red solutions which are precipitated as lakes by heavy metal salts. Occurs naturally as a glucoside in madder but produced synthetically by fusing anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid with NaOH and some KCIO3. Applied to the mordanted fibre. Al(OH)3 gives a bright red lake, Cr(OH)3 a red lake, FefOH) ... 

Forms water-soluble alkali and alkaline earth metal salts. Heating with KCN gives benzonitrile and phenol is formed by fusion with NaOH or KOH. Further sulphonation at 250°C gives benzene-1,3-disulphonic acid. 

It has a limited use in the preparation of the phthalocyanine pigments into which it is readily converted on heating with metallic salts. 

C2He04S, Et0)(H0)S02. Oily acidic liquid. Soluble in water and slowly hydrolysed by it to ethanol and sulphuric acid. Prepared by passing ethene into concentrated sulphuric acid or by heating ethanol and sulphuric acid. Gives ethene when heated alone, and diethyl sulphate when heated with ethanol at 140 C. Forms crystalline metallic salts which are soluble in water. 

M.p. —80°C, b.p. 37°C. Prepared from sodium azide and acid or (N2Hj) plus nitrous acid, HNO2. Heavy-metal salts, azides, are used as detonators, alkali metal salts are stable and azides are used synthetically in organic chemistry. 

C12H24O, CH3 [CH,]io COOH. Needles, m.p. 44 C, b.p. 225"C/I00mm. A fatty acid occurring as glycerides in milk, spermaceti, laurel oil, coconut oil, palm oil and other vegetable oils. The metal salts are widely used. 

The lower nitroparaffins are used as propellants, as solvents and as chemical intermediates, e.g. nilromethane is an excellent solvent for polar materials especially metal salts. 

Phenol is acidic and forms metallic salts. It is readily halogenated, sulphonated and nitrated. It is of great commercial importance... 

It is a dibasic acid, and forms stable metallic salts. Distillation with soda lime gives benzene. Readily dehydrated to phthalic anhydride. Its reactions are similar to phthalic anhydride in which form it is almost invariably used. 

Heating phthalic anhydride with urea (or ammonia) and a metallic salt. 

CfiHsNjOs. Red needles m.p. 168-169°C. Soluble in dilute acids and alkalis. Prepared by reduction of picric acid with sodium hydrogen sulphide, ft is used for the preparation of azodyes, which can be after-chromed by treatment with metallic salts owing to the presence of a hydroxyl group ortho to the amino-group. 

The sulphonic acids are strongly acidic compounds, very soluble in water and readily give water-soluble metallic salts. 

Other heavy fuel contaminants are metals (vanadium, nickel, sodium) coming from the crude oil itself or metallic salts (aluminum silicates) coming from catalysts in conversion steps. The aluminum silicates should not exceed 300 ppm (30 ppm of aluminum), for these materials exert a strong abrasive action on the engine cylinders and injection systems. They can however be eliminated partially by centrifuging and filtration. 

It is believed that to avoid any risk of explosion, the electrical conductivity of jet fuel should fall between 50 and 450 pS/m. This level is attained using anti-static additives which are metallic salts (chromium, calcium) added at very low levels on the order of 1 ppm. 

In the case of lubricant detergents, the hydrophilic or polar part is a metallic salt (calcium, magnesium) and at the center of the micelle it is possible to store a reserve of a metal base (lime or magnesia) the detergent will be able therefore to neutralize the acids produced by oxidation of the oil as soon as they are created. 

Vacuum distillation of the atmospheric residue complements primary distillation, enabli r.ecoyery of heavy distillate cuts from atmospheric residue that will un r o further conversion or will serve as lube oil bases. The vacuum residue containing most of the crude contaminants (metals, salts, sediments, sulfur, nitrogen, asphaltenes, Conradson carbon, etc.) is used in asphalt manufacture, for heavy fuel-oil, or for feed for others conversion processes. 

The effect is more than just a matter of pH. As shown in Fig. XV-14, phospholipid monolayers can be expanded at low pH values by the presence of phosphotungstate ions [123], which disrupt the stmctival order in the lipid film [124]. Uranyl ions, by contrast, contract the low-pH expanded phase presumably because of a type of counterion condensation [123]. These effects caution against using these ions as stains in electron microscopy. Clearly the nature of the counterion is very important. It is dramatically so with fatty acids that form an insoluble salt with the ion here quite low concentrations (10 M) of divalent ions lead to the formation of the metal salt unless the pH is quite low. Such films are much more condensed than the fatty-acid monolayers themselves [125-127]. 

Sensitive materials, such as metal salts or organometallic compounds, may decompose during XPS analysis, particularly when a standard x-ray source is used. Apart from the x-rays themselves, heat and electrons from the source may cause damage to the samples. In such cases, a monoclnomated x-ray source can offer a... 

The first step in designing a precursor synthesis is to pick precursor molecules that, when combined in organic solvents, yield the bulk crystalline solid. For metals, a usual approach is to react metal salts with reducing agents to produce bulk metals. The main challenge is to find appropriate metal salts that are soluble in an organic phase. 

One prevalent strategy for this involves tire use of a phase transfer agent, such as tetraoctyl ammonium bromide, to bring gold and silver salts into an organic phase [12, and. Reduction of tire metal salts... 

Ethene can add on to certain metal salts it is believed that the extra electrons of the double bond can be donated to some extent an example is the compound PtCl2-C2H4 formed with platinum(II) chloride which has the structure... 

Ammonium salts. Ammonium salts can be prepared by the direct neutralisation of acid by ammonia. The salts are similar to alkali metal salts and are composed of discrete ions. Most ammonium salts are soluble in water. Since ammonia is volatile and readily oxidisable the behaviour of ammonium salts to heat is particularly interesting. 

Such water, and also that containing salts of multipositive metals, (usually sulphates), is said to be hard since it does not readily produce a lather with soap. Experiments with alkali metal salts can be performed to verify that the hardness is due to the presence of the multipositive metal ions and not to any of the anions present. The hardness due to calcium and magnesium hydrogencarbonates is said to be temporary since it can be removed by boiling ... 

Consequently they cannot be prepared by the addition of sulphide ions to a solution of the metal salt, the hydrated metal ions being so strongly acidic that the following reaction occurs, for example... 

These are practically insoluble in water, are not hydrolysed and so may be prepared by addition of a sufficient concentration of sulphide ion to exceed the solubility product of the particular sulphide. Some sulphides, for example those of lead(II), copper(II) and silver(I), have low solubility products and are precipitated by the small concentration of sulphide ions produced by passing hydrogen sulphide through an acid solution of the metal salts others for example those of zincfll), iron(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) are only precipitated when sulphide ions are available in reasonable concentrations, as they are when hydrogen sulphide is passed into an alkaline solution. 

We have already seen that in the aquo-complex which is usually formed when a simple transition metal salt dissolves in water, the... 

Picric acid is used on a large scale as a high explosive, but for this purpose requires a detonator. If a few small crystals of the pure acid are heated on a crucible lid, they first melt, and ultimately burn harmlessly with a smoky flame. Metallic salts of picric acid are much less stable than the free acid,... 

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